The effect of group emotional schema therapy on self-efficacy on self-efficacy and pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Health Psychology, Kish International Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kish Island, Iran

2 Department of Health Psychology, Islamic Azad University of Karaj, Alborz, Iran

3 Assistant Professor, Department of Health Psychology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.

4 Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Alborz, Iran

5 Neurologist, Motamedi Hospital, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Intrudoction: The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of group emotional schema therapy on self-efficacy and pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Methods: The research method is semi-experimental, and the research design is pre-test, post-test, follow-up with expanded control group. The statistical population included all patients with rheumatoid arthritis referring to rheumatology clinics and rheumatology departments of Shiraz hospitals. 45 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were randomly assigned into 3 experimental, placebo and control groups. Sherer General Self-Efficacy Questionnaire and McGill Pain Questionnaire were completed by all three groups of participants, before the intervention of emotional Schemas group therapy on the experimental group, after intervention and 3 months later. For data analysis, multivariate analysis of variance, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), tukey post hoc test, Chi-square test and repeated measures analysis of variance, were used.
Findings: The results showed that emotional schemas group therapy had a significant effect on increasing self-efficacy and reducing pain (sensory, emotional, cognitive, miscellaneous and general components) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and their effects remained after 3 months follow up (p <0.05).
Conclution: According to findings it can be concluded that emotional schemas group therapy can be used as a useful intervention to increase self-efficacy and decrease pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Keywords


BahramiRad M, Rafezi Z. Predicting pain acceptance based on perceived stress and coping strategies in people with rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Health Psychology, 2019; 7 (4): 151-166.
Khanbabaei N, Zahedi R, Rafiipour A. The effectiveness of acceptance and commitment-based therapy on fear of disease progression and psychological distress in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Health Psychology, 2020; 8 (30): 117-132.
Prothero L, Barley E, Galloway J, Georgopoulou S, Sturt J. The evidence base for psychological interventions for rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review of reviews. International journal of nursing studies. 2018 Jun 1;82:20-9.
Moyano S, Scolnik M, Vergara F, García MV, Sabelli MR, Rosa JE, Catoggio LJ, Soriano ER. Evaluation of learned helplessness, perceived self-efficacy, and functional capacity in patients with fibromyalgia and rheumatoid arthritis. JCR: Journal of Clinical Rheumatology. 2019 Mar 1;25(2):65-8.
Ndosi, M., Johnson, D., Young, T., Hardware, B., Hill, J., Hale, C.,.‌‌.‌‌.‌‌ ‌‌Adebajo, A. (2016). ‌‌Effects of needs-based patient education on self-efficacy and health outcomes in people with rheumatoid arthritis: ‌‌a multicentre, single blind, randomised controlled trial. ‌‌Ann Rheum Dis, 75 (6), 1126-1132.
Larkin L, Gallagher S, Fraser AD, Kennedy N. Relationship between self-efficacy, beliefs, and physical activity in inflammatory arthritis. Hong Kong Physiotherapy Journal. 2016 Jun 1;34:33-40.
Walsh DA, McWilliams DF. Mechanisms, impact and management of pain in rheumatoid arthritis. Nature Reviews Rheumatology. 2014 Oct;10(10):581.
Lee YC, Cui J, Lu B, Frits ML, Iannaccone CK, Shadick NA, Weinblatt ME, Solomon DH. Pain persists in DAS28 rheumatoid arthritis remission but not in ACR/EULAR remission: a longitudinal observational study. Arthritis research & therapy. 2011 Jun;13(3):1-9.
Smith G. ‌‌An Introduction to psychological interventions. ‌‌In Smith,G. (Ed.) Psychological Intervention in Mental Health Nursing. (pp. ‌‌1-11). 2012; ‌‌Maidenhead: ‌‌open University press. ‌‌
Leahy RL. Emotional schema therapy: A bridge over troubled waters. Acceptance and mindfulness in cognitive behavior therapy: Understanding and applying the new therapies. 2011 Feb 2:109-31.
Leahy RL. Emotional schema therapy: A meta‐experiential model. Australian Psychologist. 2016 Apr 1;51(2):82-8.
Wiebe SA, Johnson SM. A review of the research in emotionally focused therapy for couples. Family Process. 2016 Sep;55(3):390-407.
Leahy RL, Wupperman P, Edwards E, Shivaji S, Molina N. Metacognition and emotional schemas: Effects on depression and anxiety. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy. 2019 Mar;12(1):25-37.
Lumley MA, Keefe FJ, Mosley-Williams A, Rice JR, McKee D, Waters SJ, Partridge RT, Carty JN, Coltri AM, Kalaj A, Cohen JL. The effects of written emotional disclosure and coping skills training in rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology. 2014 Aug;82(4):644.
Kiyanipour A, Hasani F, Rahnejat A M, Ghanbaripanah A. Comparison of the Effectiveness of Emotional Schema Therapy and Cognitive Therapy Based on Mindfulness on reducing the difficulty emotional regulation in Patients with Panic Disorder. NPWJM. 2018; 6 (20) :60-70
Pinto-Gouveia J, Costa J, Marôco J. The first 2 years of rheumatoid arthritis: The influence of acceptance on pain, physical limitation and depression. Journal of Health Psychology. 2015 Jan;20(1):102-12.
Akhlaghi Yazdi Nejad F, Hossein Sabet F, Borjali A. Effectiveness of emotion regulation training on increasing self-efficacy and well-being in drug-dependent individuals. Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology. 2017 Jan 10;6(1):9-16.
Leahy RL, editor. Science and practice in cognitive therapy: foundations, mechanisms, and applications. Guilford Publications; 2018 Jan 31.
Erfan A, Noorbala A, Mohammadi A, Adibi P. The effectiveness of emotional therapy scheme on the severity and frequency of physical symptoms and quality of life of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Daneshvar Medical: Basic and Clinical Research Journal, 1399; 24 (4): 77-88.
Ezaei M. ‌‌The effectiveness of group emotional schema therapy on body mass index, .Emotional eating and weight self-efficacy in overweight women. 2016; ‌‌ Master Thesis, Ferdowsi University, ‌‌Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Mashhad.
Hamzehpour Haghighi T, Dousty Y, Fakhri M K. Effectiveness of group cognitive behavioral therapy on illness and pain perception in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. SJKU. 2015; 20 (3) :45-57
Sherer M, Maddux JE, Mercandante B, Prentice-Dunn S, Jacobs B, Rogers RW. The self-efficacy scale: Construction and validation. Psychological reports. 1982 Oct;51(2):663-71.
Barati Bakhtyari S. Investigating the simple and multiple relationship of self-effective variables, self-esteem and self-discovery with academic performance in third year students of the new system of Ahvaz. 1998; Master Thesis, Shahid Chamran University, Faculty of Educational Sciences-Psychology, Ahvaz.
Karamati H, ShahAray M. Investigating the role of perceived self-efficacy in mathematical performance. Educational Innovations, 2005; 3 (4), 103-115.
Shamaei Zadeh M, Abedi M. Investigating the effect of job counseling on increasing entrepreneurial self-efficacy of Isfahan students. Knowledge and Research in Applied Psychology, 2006; 23, 38-29.
Melzack R. The McGill Pain Questionnaire: major properties and scoring methods. Pain. 1975 Sep 1;1(3):277-99.
Mason ST, Arceneaux LL, Abouhassan W, Lauterbach D, Seebach C, Fauerbach JA. Confirmatory factor analysis of the Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaire with burn patients. Eplasty. 2008;8.
Dworkin RH, Turk DC, Revicki DA, Harding G, Coyne KS, Peirce-Sandner S, Bhagwat D, Everton D, Burke LB, Cowan P, Farrar JT. Development and initial validation of an expanded and revised version of the Short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ-2). PAIN®. 2009 Jul 1;144(1-2):35-42.
varaee P, poordad S, Darabi R. The Effect of Emotional Schema Therapy on Depression and Loneliness in Girl’s Dormitory Students. Rooyesh. 2019; 8 (2) :95-104
Leahy, R. L., Tirch, D., & Napolitano, L. A. (2011). Emotion regulation in psychotherapy: A practitioner's guide. Guilford Press.
Yalom ID, Leszcz M. The theory and practice of group psychotherapy. Hachette UK; 2020 Dec 1.
Izadi F, Ashrafi A, FathiAshtiyani A. Structural pattern of the relationship between negative emotional schemas and physical cues mediated by emotional malaise and emotional expression. Journal of Behavioral Science Research, 2019; 16 (3): 311-323.
PirKhaefi A, Rouzbahani M, Rastgou S. The effectiveness of group mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on physical symptoms of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Journal of Health Psychology, 1397; 7 (28): 52-66.