comparison of the effectiveness of neurofeedback therapy and schema therapy on perfectionism of people with social anxiety in shahinshahr

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Ph.D. Student in General Psychology, Department of Psychology, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran (Corresponding author)

3 Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Farhangian University, Shahrekord, Iran

4 Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran

Abstract

Introduction: The aim of study was to compare the effectiveness of neurofeedback therapy and schema therapy on perfectionism of people with social anxiety in Shahinshahr.
Material and Methods: The study was applied in terms of purpose and in terms of experimental method (field) . The statistical population was all social anxiety patients referred to counseling centers under the supervision of Shahinshahr welfare city, 45 people were selected by purposive sampling and based on cut-off point of Jerabak Social Anxiety Questionnaire and randomly assigned to 2 experimental groups and 1 control group (15 people each). One experimental group 10 sessions of 90-minute schema therapy weekly. The second experimental group received 25 sessions of 45 minutes neurofeedback therapy, the control group did not receive any intervention. Research instruments included questionnaires of social anxiety (Jerabak, 1996) and perfectionism (Hill et al., 2004) were completed in three stages pre-test, post-test and 3-month follow-up. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance.
Results: Both therapies had lasting effect on improving the mean scores of perfectionism (P <0.05). Eta coefficient for the mentioned variable was 0.316. Both therapies were found to have an equal effect on dimensions of perfectionism, including focusing on mistakes, need for approval, and purposefulness, on attempt to be great only schema therapy and on order and organization only neurofeedback had effect. the dimensions of perception of pressure from parents, high standards for others and rumination were not effective.
Conclusion: Both treatments especially schema therapy have lasting effect on improving perfectionism

Keywords

References

  1. Zheng L, Miao M, Lim J, Li M, Nie S, Zhang X. Is lockdown bad for social anxiety in COVID-19 Regions?: a national study in the SOR perspective. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(12): 45-61.
  2. Santoft F, Salomonsson S, Hesser H, Lindsäter E, Ljótsson B, Lekander M, KecklundG, Öst LG, Hedman-Lagerlöf Processes in cognitive behavior therapy for social anxiety disorder: Predicting subsequent symptomchange, Journal of Anxiety Disorders .2019; 67:102-118.
  3. Neufeld CB, Palma PC, Caetano KAS, BrustRenck PG, Curtiss J, Hofmann SG.A randomized clinical trial of group and individual Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy approaches for social Anxiety disorder, International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology.2019; 20:29-37.
  4. Yuan M, Zhu H, Qiu C, Meng Y, Zhang Y, Ren Z, Li Y, Yuan C, Gao M, Lui S, Gong Q, Zhang Altered Regional and Integrated Resting-state Brain Activity in General Social Anxiety Disorder Patients before and after Group Cognitive Behavior Therapy. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging. 2017; (2017)272:30-37.
  5. Richey JA, Brewer JA, Sullivan-Toole H, Strege MV,  Kim Spoon J, White SW, Ollendick TH. Sensitivity shift theory: A developmental model of positive affect and motivational deficits in social anxiety disorder. Clinical Psychology Review. 2019; (2019) 72.
  6. Hewitt PL, Flett  GL,  Mikail SF. Perfectionism: A relational approach to conceptualization, assessment, and treatment. New York, NY: Guilford Press. 2017.
  7. Gibbs AL, Francis AJ, Schuster SE. “Testing the bivalent fear of evaluation model of social anxiety: The relationship between fear of positive evaluation, social anxiety, and perfectionism”. Cognitive behaviour therapy, 2016; 45(2):136-149.
  8. Chorpita BF, Brown TA, Barlow DH. Perceived Control as a Mediator of Family Environment in Etiological Models of Childhood Anxiety–Republished Article. Behav Ther. 2016; 47(5) , 622-632.
  9. Young JE, Klosko JS, Weishaar ME. Schema therapy: a practitioner’s guide. New York: Guilford, Translated by Hasan Hamidpour, and Zahra Andouz. Tehran: Arjmand Publications.2003. [persian]
  10. Serajkhoramy N, Zadhasan Z. The relationship between body image concern, early maladaptive schemas and alexithymia with social anxiety among female students of Islamic Azad university. Journal of social psychology.2015; 3(38):61-80. [persian]
  11. Mami sh, Safarnia A. Effectiveness of Systemic-Constructivist Paternity Therapy on the Initial Maladaptive Schemas and Tendency to Extramarital Relationships in the Female Divorce Applicants. Psychological Studies. 2018; 14(1):75-91. [persian]
  12. Calvete E, Orue I, Hankin BL. Early Maladaptive Schemas and Social Anxiety in Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Anxious Automatic Thoughts. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2013; 26: 278-288.
  13. Rahbar Karbasdehi F, Abolghasemi A, Rahbar Karbasdehi E. The Effectiveness of Schema Therapy on Psychological Resilience and Social Empowerment in Students with Depression Symptoms. Psychological Studies Faculty of Education and Psychology Alzahra University. 2020; 15(4):73-94. [persian]
  14. Sohrabi F, Borjali A, Momeni MM. The effectiveness of cognitive techniques of schema therapy in reducing perfectionism. Rooyesh-e-Ravanshenasi. 2020; 9(4):75-82. [persian]
  15. Mohammad Hoseini M, Nasrolahi B, Ghorban Jahromi R. The Effect of Anxiety Treatment Through Schema Therapy on the Positive and Negative Perfectionism of 20-30 Year-Old Women. Journal of  School of Public Health and  Institute of Public Health Research.2020;18:459-468. [persian]
  16. Nosrat Abadi M, Yary Azar E, Nasery E. Evaluation of the effectiveness of schema therapy on extreme perfectionism and materialism of student couples. Sixth International Conference on Psychology and Social Sciences. 2016. [persian]
  17. Liu F, Guo W, Fouche JP, et al. Multivariate classification of social anxiety disorder using whole brain functional connectivity. Brain Struct Funct, 2015; 220(1):101–115.
  18. Stein M B, Stein DJ. Social Anxiety Disorder. The Lancet. 2008; 371(9618):1115-25.
  19. Gruzelier JG, Thompson T, Redding E, Brandy R, Steffert T. Department of psychology .university of landon.international. Journal of psychophysiology. 2013:7.
  20. Mohammadi Y, Hoseyni M.  Comparison of the Effectiveness of Neurofeedback and Drug therapy in the Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Isfahan Children. Neuropsychology. 2018;4(12): 125-140. [persian]
  21. Zare R, Zand Karimi GH. The Effect of Neurofeedback on Perfectionism Dimentions in
    Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Ssingle Case Study. National Conference on Research in Psychology2020. [persian]
  22. LeDoux J. The Emotional Brain, The mysterious underpinnings of emotional life. New York: Simon & Schuster. 1996.
  23. Zhao et al. Real-Time Functional Connectivity-Informed Neurofeedback of Amygdala-Frontal Pathways Reduces Anxiety. Psycother Psychosom, 2019; 88(1):5-15.
  24. Ghaderi F, kalantari M, mehrabi HA. Effectiveness of group schema therapy on early maladaptive schemas modification and reduce of social anxiety disorder symptoms. Clinical psychology studies. 2016; 6(24):1-28. [persian]
  25. Delavar A. Research Method in Psychology and Educational Sciences. Tehran:  Virayesh Publishing. (2013). [persian]
  26. Young JE, Klosko JS, Weishaar ME. Schema Therapy: A Practioner's Guide. New York, NY: Guilford Press. 2003.
  27. Hill RW, Huelsman TJ, Furr RM, Kibler J, Vicente BB, Kennedy CA. New measure of perfectionism: The Perfectionism Inventory. J Pers Assess, 2004; 82(1):80-91.
  28. Kazemi H, Vaziri M, Abedi A. The Effectiveness of Problem Solving Training on Test Anxiety and Social Anxiety In Primary School Students. Social Cognition. 5(1):100-112. [persian]
  29. Pashasharify H. Research questionnaires. Tehran: Sokhan Publications.2008. [persian]
  30. Khosh Ravesh v, Sedkhosravy M. Investigating the relationship between communication skills and social anxiety of Tonekabon municipal employees. Journal of Recent Advances in Psychology. Educational Sciences and Education. 1399; 3(26):141-150. [persian]
  31. Jamshidy B. Hossein chari M, Haghighat Sh, Razmi MR. Validation of new measure of perfectionism.    Journal of Behavioral Sciences. 2009; 3(1):35-43. [persian]
  32. Hammond D. What is neure feedback: an uplate. joornal of weore therax. 2011; 15(7): 1305-336.
  33. Ghovati A, Ahovan M, Shahamat Dehsorkh F, Farnoosh M. The Effectiveness of Emotion Schema Therapy on Rumination and the Extreme Accountability of Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Journal of Psychological Studies. 2021; 16(4): 7-24. [persian]
  34. Riso LP, Pieter L, DuToit  PD, Stein DJ,  Young GE. Cognitive schemas and core beliefs in psychological problems: A scientist-practitioner guide. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 2007.  
  35. Ledley DR, Marx BP, Heimberg RG. Making cognitive – behaviora therapy: Clinical process for new practitioners. New York: Guilford. 2005.
  36. Hill RW, Huelsman TJ, Furr RM, Kibler J, Vicente BB, Kennedy CA. New measure of perfectionism: The Perfectionism Inventory. J Pers Assess.2004; 82(1):80-91.
  37. Prochaska JO, Norcross JC. Systems of psychotherapy: A transtheoretical analysis. Belmont: Brooks/Cole. 2010.
Medical Journal of Mashhad university of Medical Sciences
Volume 65, Issue 3
May and June 2022
Pages 1348-1358

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics