Medical Journal of Mashhad university of Medical Sciences

Medical Journal of Mashhad university of Medical Sciences

Prevalence of toxocariasis and effective risk factors in hemodialysis and diabetic patients in Zahedan

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors
soudabeh etemadi 1
Mehdi Zarean 2
hosnieh hoseini 3
Najmeh Sadeghi 4
1 Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Iran
2 Department of Parasitology and mycology, Faulty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Mashhad. Iran
3 Department of Laboratory Sciences, Zahedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zahedan, Iran
4 Sirjan School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Iran
10.22038/mjms.2023.69214.4108
Abstract
Introduction: Human toxocariasis is a parasitic disease caused by the larvae of Toxocara canis (T. canis) and can cause many clinical complications in the liver, lungs, eyes, brain and kidney. Despite its significant effect on high-risk groups (people with reduced immune system), this parasite is usually ignored. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the serum prevalence and risk factors of toxocariasis in diabetic patients and hemodialysis patients in Zahedan (southeast of Iran).
Methods: This study was conducted in Sistan and Baluchistan province, Zahedan city with 400 diabetic and hemodialysis patients. A clot sample was taken to perform the ELISA test along with a questionnaire containing demographic information. All serum samples were tested for the presence of IgG antibodies against Toxocara species by ELISA serology method. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 22 software and descriptive statistics and chi-square test
Results: The prevalence of serum toxocariasis in diabetic and hemodialysis patients was reported as 2.8% and 3.5%, respectively. Among the variables of the study, contact with dogs and cats in the group of diabetic patients (OR=11.60 –% 95CI: 2.80-48.06). and in the group of hemodialysis patients contact with cats and dogs (OR=0.85- %95CI: 0.70-1.02) and blood group had a significant relationship with the prevalence of toxocariasis. P value ≤ 0.05.
Conclusion: Considering the few studies in the world, more epidemiological studies are needed to understand that diabetes and the hemodialysis process can be introduced as a factor in toxocariasis.
Keywords
Toxocariasis
hemodialysis
diabete
Subjects
  1. Ma G, Holland CV, Wang T, Hofmann A, Fan C-K, Maizels RM, et al. Human toxocariasis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2018;18(1):e14-e24.
  2. Rostami A, Riahi SM, Holland CV, Taghipour A, Khalili-Fomeshi M, Fakhri Y, et al. Seroprevalence estimates for toxocariasis in people worldwide: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS neglected tropical diseases. 2019;13(12):e0007809.
  3. Rubinsky-Elefant G, Hirata C, Yamamoto J, Ferreira MU. Human toxocariasis: diagnosis, worldwide seroprevalences and clinical expression of the systemic and ocular forms. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology. 2010;104(1):3-23.
  4. Fakhri Y, Gasser R, Rostami A, Fan C, Ghasemi S, Javanian M, et al. Toxocara eggs in public places worldwide-A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environmental pollution. 2018;242:1467-75.
  5. Smith H, Holland C, Taylor M, Magnaval J, Schantz P, Maizels R. How common is human toxocariasis? Towards standardizing our knowledge. Trends in parasitology. 2009;25(4):182-8.
  6. Fialho PMM, Corrêa CRS. A systematic review of toxocariasis: a neglected but high-prevalence disease in Brazil. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2016;94(6):1193.
  7. Magnaval J-F, Glickman LT, Dorchies P, Morassin B. Highlights of human toxocariasis. The Korean journal of parasitology. 2001;39(1):1.
  8. Loetsch F, Vingerling R, Spijker R, Grobusch MP. Toxocariasis in humans in Africa–a systematic review. Travel medicine and infectious disease. 2017;20:15-25.
  9. Omrani VF, Fallahi S, Rostami A, Siyadatpanah A, Barzgarpour G, Mehravar S, et al. Prevalence of intestinal parasite infections and associated clinical symptoms among patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing hemodialysis. Infection. 2015;43:537-44.
  10. Chen J, Liu Q, Liu G-H, Zheng W-B, Hong S-J, Sugiyama H, et al. Toxocariasis: a silent threat with a progressive public health impact. Infectious diseases of poverty. 2018;7(1):1-13.
  11. Rostami A, Ma G, Wang T, Koehler AV, Hofmann A, Chang BC, et al. Human toxocariasis–a look at a neglected disease through an epidemiological ‘prism’. Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 2019;74:104002.
  12. Pawlowski Z. Toxocariasis in humans: clinical expression and treatment dilemma. Journal of helminthology. 2001;75(4):299-305.
  13. Zotos PG, Psimenou E, Roussou M, Kontogiannis S, Panoutsopoulos A, Dimopoulos A-M. Nephrotic syndrome as a manifestation of Toxocara canis infection. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 2006;21(9):2675-6.
  14. Fan C-K, Lan H-S, Hung C-C, Chung W-C, Liao C-W, Du W-Y, et al. Seroepidemiology of Toxocara canis infection among mountain aboriginal adults in Taiwan. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene. 2004;71(2):216-21.
  15. Talvik H, Moks E, Mägi E, Järvis T, Miller I. Distribution of Toxocara infection in the environment and in definitive and paratenic hosts in Estonia. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica. 2006;54(3):399-406.
  16. Ghaffar Naqnehi H-A, Khalili B, Kheiri S. Seroepidemiology of Toxocara canis infection in 2-14 years old children referred to Health Care Centers of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province by ELISA method in 2014. Journal of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences. 2016;17(6):121-9.
  17. Momen T, Esmaeil N, Reisi M. Seroprevalence of ToxocaraCanis in Asthmatic Children and its Relation to the Severity of Diseases-a Case-Control Study. Medical Archives. 2018;72(3):174.
  18. Shahraki MK, Dabirzadeh M, Afshari M, Maroufi Y. Epidemiological study of Toxocar canis in children under 14-years-old and dogs in Zabol and Chabahar Districts, southeast of Iran. Iranian Journal of Parasitology. 2017;12(1):101.
  19. Salimi Khorashad A, Shahraki M, Rahmati Balaghaleh M, Abdolahi Khabisi S, Rala S, Shafiei R, et al. Seroprevalence of Toxocara spp. in children (3–13 years old) in Zahedan, Southeast of Iran. Journal of Parasitic Diseases. 2021;45:449-53.
  20. Bitaraf HR, Hamidi F, Zarrinpour V, Rahimi M, Shahrokhi SR, Mirzapour A. First report of Toxocara canis seroprevalence in military personnel and their families with eosinophilia referred to a Military Hospital in Tehran, Iran, 2015-2016. Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2018;13(2):4.
  21. Berenji F, Haghani M, Fata A, Mahmoudi M, Salehi M. Serological study of toxocariasis in patients with hypereosinophilia referred to educational hospitals of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Medical Journal of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. 2015;58(1):26-31.
  22. Baghani Z, Khazan H, Sohrabi MR, Rostami A. Seroprevalence of Toxocara infection among healthy individuals referred to the medical center laboratories in Tehran City, Capital of Iran. Novelty in Biomedicine. 2018;6(2):68-73.
  23. Sarkari B, Alirezaei R, Layegh Gigloo A, Rezaei Z, Mikaeili F, Bahreini MS, et al. Seroprevalence and risk factors for Toxocara infection among children in a rural community in Fars province, southern Iran. Parasite Immunology. 2018;40(11):e12582.
  24. Abo-Shehada M, Sharif L, El-Sukhon S, Abuharfeil N, Atmeh R. Seroprevalence of Toxocara canis antibodies in humans in northern Jordan. Journal of helminthology. 1992;66(1):75-8.
  25. Lee J-Y, Yang MH, Hwang J-H, Kang M, Paeng J-W, Yune S, et al. The prevalence of toxocariasis and diagnostic value of serologic tests in asymptomatic Korean adults. Allergy, asthma & immunology research. 2015;7(5):467-75.
  26. Papavasilopoulos V, Pitiriga V, Birbas K, Elefsiniotis J, Bonatsos G, Tsakris A. Soil contamination by Toxocara canis and human seroprevalence in the Attica region, Greece. Germs. 2018;8(3):155.
  27. Song HB, Lee D, Jin Y, Kang J, Cho S-H, Park MS, et al. Prevalence of toxocariasis and its risk factors in patients with eosinophilia in Korea. The Korean Journal of Parasitology. 2020;58(4):413.
  28. Asadi N, Tappeh KH, Mohebbi I, Yousefi E, Khademvatan S. Screening of Cystic Echinococcosis and Toxocariasis in Urmia Municipal Workers, Northwest Iran. Infectious Disorders-Drug Targets (Formerly Current Drug Targets-Infectious Disorders). 2021;21(2):220-9.
  29. Zibaei M, Sadjjadi S. Trend of toxocariasis in Iran: a review on human and animal dimensions. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research. 2017;18(4):233.
  30. Martínez M, Montero J, Pineda A, Mijares V, Lares M, Catalano E, et al. Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory features of toxocariasis in school children from Aragua State, Venezuela. Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2018;112(6):255-63.
  31. Modi M, Singh R, Goyal MK, Gairolla J, Singh G, Rishi V, et al. Prevalence of epilepsy and its association with exposure to Toxocara canis: A community-based, case–control study from rural Northern India. Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology. 2019;22(4):533.

 

 

Medical Journal of Mashhad university of Medical Sciences
Volume 65, Issue 6
January and February 2023
Pages 2285-2292