Medical Journal of Mashhad university of Medical Sciences

Medical Journal of Mashhad university of Medical Sciences

Comparison of the effects of endurance, resistance and combined exercises on the serum levels of GDF11 and some sugar indices in type 2 diabetic men.

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors
Ali Ahmadi 1
Jamshid Banaei Borojeni 2
Saeed Keshavarz 3
Elham Eftekhari 3
1 PhD candidate, Sport Medicine Research Center, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad.Iran
2 Assistant professor, Sport Medicine Research Center, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad.Iran
3 Assistant professor, Sport Medicine Research Center, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad. Iran
10.22038/mjms.2024.79998.4611
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of endurance, resistance and combined exercises on the serum levels of GDF11 and some sugar indices in type 2 diabetic men.
methodology; The subjects included 48 men with type 2 diabetes with an age range of 60.66 ± 3.44 (years), weight 87.47 ± 6.67 (kg), height 1.57 ± 0.11 (meters),, were voluntarily selected and randomly divided into three experimental groups (12 people) and a control group (12 people). The experimental group performed endurance, resistance and combined exercises for eight weeks (3 sessions per week) and the control group did not exercise during this period. In order to measure research variables, blood sampling was done 48 hours before the start of the first training session and also 48 hours after the last training session while all subjects were fasting. Also, ELISA method was used to measure GDF11 serum levels and fasting glucose. To analyze the data, statistical tests of one-way analysis of variance, Tukey's post hoc test, t-correlation test, and Shapiro-Wilk test were used to normalize the data at a significance level of 0.05, with SPSS version 22 software.
findings; The results of the present study showed that eight weeks of endurance, resistance and combined training increased serum levels of GDF11 and decreased fasting glucose. Also, the statistical results showed that the combined exercises had a greater effect on the research variables and had a greater effect on the changes of the research variables than the resistance and endurance exercises.
Keywords
Combined exercises
GDF11
glucose
diabetes
Subjects
  1. Low S, Goh KS, Ng TP, Ang SF, Moh A, Wang J, et al. The prevalence of sarcopenic obesity and its association with cognitive performance in type 2 diabetes in Singapore. Clinical Nutrition. 2020;39(7):2274-81.
  2. Bartolomé A. Stem cell-derived β cells: A versatile research platform to interrogate the genetic basis of β cell dysfunction. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022;23(1):501.
  3. Wan X-X, Zhang D-Y, Khan MA, Zheng S-Y, Hu X-M, Zhang Q, et al. Stem cell transplantation in the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus: from insulin replacement to beta-cell replacement. Frontiers in endocrinology. 2022;13:859638.
  4. Zhang C, Lin Y, Liu Q, He J, Xiang P, Wang D, et al. Growth differentiation factor 11 promotes differentiation of MSCs into endothelial‐like cells for angiogenesis. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine. 2020;24(15):8703-17.
  5. Ma Y, Liu Y, Han F, Qiu H, Shi J, Huang N, et al. Growth differentiation factor 11: a “rejuvenation factor” involved in regulation of age-related diseases? Aging (Albany NY). 2021;13(8):12258.
  6. Jia Q, Liu B, Dang X, Guo Y, Han X, Song T, et al. Growth differentiation factor-11 downregulates steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression through ALK5-mediated SMAD3 signaling pathway in human granulosa-lutein cells. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology. 2022;20(1):34.
  7. Duan F, Wang X, Wang H, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Chen J, et al. GDF11 ameliorates severe acute pancreatitis through modulating macrophage M1 and M2 polarization by targeting the TGFβR1/SMAD-2 pathway. International Immunopharmacology. 2022;108:108777.
  8. Lu B, Zhong J, Pan J, Yuan X, Ren M, Jiang L, et al. Gdf11 gene transfer prevents high fat diet-induced obesity and improves metabolic homeostasis in obese and STZ-induced diabetic mice. Journal of Translational Medicine. 2019;17:1-16.
  9. Li H, Li Y, Xiang L, Zhang J, Zhu B, Xiang L, et al. GDF11 attenuates development of type 2 diabetes via improvement of islet β-cell function and survival. Diabetes. 2017;66(7):1914-27.
  10. Egerman MA, Glass DJ. The role of GDF11 in aging and skeletal muscle, cardiac and bone homeostasis. Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology. 2019;54(2):174-83.
  11. Zimmers TA, Jiang Y, Wang M, Liang TW, Rupert JE, Au ED, et al. Exogenous GDF11 induces cardiac and skeletal muscle dysfunction and wasting. Basic research in cardiology. 2017;112:1-12.
  12. Sinha M, Jang YC, Oh J, Khong D, Wu EY, Manohar R, et al. Restoring systemic GDF11 levels reverses age-related dysfunction in mouse skeletal muscle. Science. 2014;344(6184):649-52.
  13. Lee S-J, Lehar A, Rydzik R, Youngstrom DW, Bhasin S, Liu Y, et al. Functional replacement of myostatin with GDF-11 in the germline of mice. Skeletal muscle. 2022;12(1):7.
  14. Khavinson VK, Kuznik B, Tarnovskaya S, Linkova N. GDF11 protein as a geroprotector. Biology Bulletin Reviews. 2016;6:141-8.
  15. Fadini GP, Menegazzo L, Bonora BM, Mazzucato M, Persano S, Vigili de Kreutzenberg S, et al. Effects of age, diabetes, and vascular disease on growth differentiation factor 11: first-in-human study. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(8):e118-e9.
  16. Lee M, Oikawa S, Ushida T, Suzuki K, Akimoto T. Effects of exercise training on growth and differentiation factor 11 expression in aged mice. Frontiers in physiology. 2019;10:970.
  17. Tanaka R, Sugiura H, Yamada M, Ichikawa T, Koarai A, Fujino N, et al. Physical inactivity is associated with decreased growth differentiation factor 11 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2018:1333-42.
  18. Khalesi M, Nasiri E, Mashhadi F. The Effect of Aerobic and Resistance Training on Levels of GDF11 in Cardiac Tissue of Elderly Rats. Journal of Applied Health Studies in Sport Physiology. 2022;9(1):114-24.
  19. Nakamura K, Miyoshi T, Yoshida M, Akagi S, Saito Y, Ejiri K, et al. Pathophysiology and treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy and heart failure in patients with diabetes mellitus. International journal of molecular sciences. 2022;23(7):3587.
  20. Oxenkrug GF. Role of kynurenine pathway in insulin resistance: toward kynurenine hypothesis of insulin resistance and diabetes. Targeting the broadly pathogenic kynurenine pathway. 2015:169-78.
  21. Jafari A, Arazi H, Ghadian A, Hesrak K. The Impact of Combined (Aerobic-resistance) Training on Serum Levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in Men with Prostate Cancer. Journal of Advances in Medical and Biomedical Research. 2019;27(122):35-41.
  22. De Domenico E, D’Arcangelo G, Faraoni I, Palmieri M, Tancredi V, Graziani G, et al. Modulation of GDF11 expression and synaptic plasticity by age and training. Oncotarget. 2017;8(35):57991.
  23. Schön M, Marček Malenovská K, Nemec M, Alchus Laiferová N, Straka I, Košutzká Z, et al. Acute endurance exercise modulates growth differentiation factor 11 in cerebrospinal fluid of healthy young adults. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2023;14:1137048.
  24. C McPherron A. Metabolic functions of myostatin and GDF11. Immunology, Endocrine & Metabolic Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Formerly Current Medicinal Chemistry-Immunology, Endocrine and Metabolic Agents). 2010;10(4):217-31.
  25. Jing Y-Y, Li D, Wu F, Gong L-L, Li R. GDF11 does not improve the palmitate induced insulin resistance in C2C12. European Review for Medical & Pharmacological Sciences. 2017;21(8).
  26. Simoni-Nieves A, Gerardo-Ramírez M, Pedraza-Vázquez G, Chávez-Rodríguez L, Bucio L, Souza V, et al. GDF11 implications in cancer biology and metabolism. Facts and controversies. Frontiers in Oncology. 2019;9:1039.
  27. Gerardo-Ramírez M, German-Ramirez N, Escobedo-Calvario A, Chávez-Rodríguez L, Bucio-Ortiz L, Souza-Arroyo V, et al. The hepatic effects of GDF11 on health and disease. Biochimie. 2023;208:129-40.
  28. Elliott BT, Herbert P, Sculthorpe N, Grace FM, Stratton D, Hayes LD. Lifelong exercise, but not short‐term high‐intensity interval training, increases GDF 11, a marker of successful aging: a preliminary investigation. Physiological reports. 2017;5(13):e13343.
  29. Egerman MA, Cadena SM, Gilbert JA, Meyer A, Nelson HN, Swalley SE, et al. GDF11 increases with age and inhibits skeletal muscle regeneration. Cell metabolism. 2015;22(1):164-74.
  30. Chowdhury S, Chowdhury MH. Endocrinopathies and Insulin Resistance Can Cause Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus. Image: Justine Juliete Grindley.76.
  31. Rebello CJ, Zhang D, Kirwan JP, Lowe AC, Emerson CJ, Kracht CL, et al. Effect of exercise training on insulin-stimulated glucose disposal: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. International Journal of Obesity. 2023;47(5):348-57.
  32. Vieira-Lara MA, Reijne AC, Koshian S, Ciapaite J, Abegaz F, Talarovicova A, et al. Age and diet modulate the insulin-sensitizing effects of exercise: a tracer-based oral glucose tolerance test. Diabetes. 2023:db220746.
  33. Tayebi SM, Golmohammadi M, Eslami R, Shakiba N, Costa PB. The effects of eight weeks of circuit resistance training on serum METRNL levels and insulin resistance in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders. 2023;22(2):1151-8.
  34. Zhou Y, Wu W, Zou Y, Huang W, Lin S, Ye J, et al. Benefits of different combinations of aerobic and resistance exercise for improving plasma glucose and lipid metabolism and sleep quality among elderly patients with metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Endocrine Journal. 2022;69(7):819-30.
  35. Gandhi GR, Hillary VE, Antony PJ, Zhong LL, Yogesh D, Krishnakumar NM, et al. A systematic review on anti-diabetic plant essential oil compounds: Dietary sources, effects, molecular mechanisms, and safety. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition. 2023:1-20.
  36. Silva Júnior WS, Gabbay MAL, Lamounier RN, Calliari LE, Bertoluci MC. The 2021–2022 position of Brazilian Diabetes Society on insulin therapy in type 1 diabetes: an evidence-based guideline to clinical practice. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome. 2022;14(1):189.
  37. Bhuvaneswari G, Hemamalini M, Vijayalakshmi R. Efficacy of cinnamon, exercise and counselling (Multi–interventional Package) on insulin resistance among young girls with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results. 2022:2463-8.
  38. Kouzi SA, Yang S, Nuzum DS, Dirks-Naylor AJ. Natural supplements for improving insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Front Biosci (Elite Ed). 2015;7(1):94-106.
  39. Abusalah MAH, Albaker W, Al-Bsheish M, Alsyouf A, Al-Mugheed K, Issa MR, et al. Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the general population of Saudi Arabia, 2000–2020: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Saudi Journal of Medicine & Medical Sciences. 2023;11(1):1-10.
  40. Talaei B, Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Jalali B, Mahammadi M, Najarzadeh A, Fallahzadeh H. The effect of ginger on blood glucose, lipid and lipoproteins in patients with type 2 diabetes: a double-blind randomized clinical controlled trial. SSU_Journals. 2012;20(3):383-95.
  41. Delshad A, Dashti MS. The effect of combined exercises) Aerobic-TRX (and cinnamon supplementation on serum levels of Irisin and glucose homeostasis in inactive overweight women. Feyz Medical Sciences Journal. 2022;26(6):703-13.
  42. Naghavi Moghadam A, Shiravand M. Effect of 8 weeks of resistance training with cinnamon supplementation in obese men glycemic index. Nurse and Physician within War. 2016;4(12):133-9.
  43. Ghanemi A, Yoshioka M, St-Amand J. Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine (SPARC)—Mediated Exercise Effects: Illustrative Molecular Pathways against Various Diseases. Diseases. 2023;11(1):33.
  44. Atorrasagasti C, Onorato AM, Mazzolini G. The role of SPARC (secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine) in the pathogenesis of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Journal of physiology and biochemistry. 2023;79(4):815-31.
  45. Abbasi-Moghadam M, Valipour-Dehnou V, Molanouri Shamsi M. The effect of 8 weeks of consumption of cinnamon hydroalcoholic extract and aerobic exercise on the levels of SPARC, AMPK and GLUT4 in soleus muscle of type 2 diabetic rats. Feyz Medical Sciences Journal. 2022;26(6):657-65.
  46. Song H, Ding L, Zhang S, Wang W. MiR-29 family members interact with SPARC to regulate glucose metabolism. Biochemical and biophysical research communications. 2018;497(2):667-74.
  47. Aoi W, Naito Y, Takagi T, Tanimura Y, Takanami Y, Kawai Y, et al. A novel myokine, secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), suppresses colon tumorigenesis via regular exercise. Gut. 2013;62(6):882-9.
  48. Nomoto H, Takahashi A, Nakamura A, Kurihara H, Takeuchi J, Nagai S, et al. Add-on imeglimin versus metformin dose escalation regarding glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor plus low-dose metformin: study protocol for a multicenter, prospective, randomized, open-label, parallel-group comparison study (MEGMI study). BMJ Open Diabetes Research and Care. 2022;10(6):e002988.
  49. Malin SK, Huang H, Mulya A, Kashyap SR, Kirwan JP. Lower dipeptidyl peptidase-4 following exercise training plus weight loss is related to increased insulin sensitivity in adults with metabolic syndrome. Peptides. 2013;47:142-7.
  50. Tanimura Y, Aoi W, Mizushima K, Higashimura Y, Naito Y. Combined treatment of dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitor and exercise training improves lipid profile in KK/Ta mice. Experimental Physiology. 2019;104(7):1051-60.
  51. Mishra S, Bahinipati J, Sarangi R, Mohapatra SR, Das S, Mishra A. A comprehensive overview on Micro RNA signature in type 2 diabetes Mellitus and its complications. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry. 2023;38(2):151-8.
  52. Massart J, Sjögren RJ, Lundell LS, Mudry JM, Franck N, O’Gorman DJ, et al. Altered miR-29 expression in type 2 diabetes influences glucose and lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle. Diabetes. 2017;66(7):1807-18.
  53. Wang H, Zhang Y, Liu H, Li S. GDF11, a target of miR-32-5p, suppresses high-glucose-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in HK-2 cells through PI3K/AKT signaling activation. International Urology and Nephrology. 2023;55(7):1767-78.
  54. Rachid AP, Moncada M, Mesquita MFd, Brito J, Bernardo MA, Silva ML. Effect of aqueous cinnamon extract on the postprandial glycemia levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. Nutrients. 2022;14(8):1576.
  55. Nazareno AM, Purnamasari L, dela Cruz JF. In vivo and In vitro anti-diabetic effects of cinnamon (Cinnamomum sp.) plant extract: A review. Canrea Journal: Food Technology, Nutritions, and Culinary Journal. 2022:151-71.
  56. Mthembu SX, Mazibuko-Mbeje SE, Ziqubu K, Nyawo TA, Obonye N, Nyambuya TM, et al. Impact of physical exercise and caloric restriction in patients with type 2 diabetes: Skeletal muscle insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction as ideal therapeutic targets. Life Sciences. 2022;297:120467.
  57. Amrolahi Z, Avandi SM, Khaledi N. The effect of six weeks’ progressive resistance training on hippocampus BDNF gene expression and serum changes of TNF-α in diabetic wistar rats. Journal of Sport and Exercise Physiology. 2022;15(1/1):10.
  58. Wang B, Luo X, Li R-R, Li Y-N, Zhao Y-C. Effect of resistance exercise on insulin sensitivity of skeletal muscle. World Journal of Meta-Analysis. 2021;9(2):101-7.
  59. Ismail AD, Shafee SSA, Gray S, Kamaruddin HK, Aznan EAM. The Effect of Resistance Training on Insulin Sensitivity: A Systematic Review. Jurnal Sains Sukan & Pendidikan Jasmani. 2022;11(2):1-16.
  60. Ragab A, Ahmed MH, Reda Sayed A, EldinAbdelbary DAK, GamalEl Din SF. Serum nesfatin‐1 level in men with diabetes and erectile dysfunction correlates with generalized anxiety disorder‐7: A prospective comparative study. Andrology. 2023;11(2):307-15.
  61. Fan Z, Dong J, Mu Y, Liu X. Nesfatin-1 protects against diabetic cardiomyopathy in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic mouse model via the p38-MAPK pathway. Bioengineered. 2022;13(6):14670-81.
Medical Journal of Mashhad university of Medical Sciences
Volume 67, Issue 1
March and April 2024
Pages 1764-1773