Medical Journal of Mashhad university of Medical Sciences

Medical Journal of Mashhad university of Medical Sciences

Combined effect of carbohydrate-restricted diet and high-intensity interval training on body composition in normal weight,, overweight and obese adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Document Type : Review article

Authors
Fatemeh Kazeminasab 1
Nasim Behzadnejad 2
1 Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
2 Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
10.22038/mjms.2024.74101.4378
Abstract
Introduction: The prevalence of obesity and overweight in adults is increasing, so high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and carbohydrate-restricted diet (CRD) may be an effective intervention to improve body composition and maximal oxygen consumption. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the combined effect of high-intensity interval training and carbohydrate-restricted diet on body composition and aerobic fitness in normal weight, overweight, and obese adults.
Materials and Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in the information databases of PubMed, Web of Science, SID, Magiran, and Google Scholar for articles published up to January 2023. A meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the combined effect of HIIT and CRD on body composition in adults. Standardized mean difference (SMD) or weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval were calculated using random effect model.
Results: The results of 13 studies with 173 subjects showed that HIIT and low-carbohydrate diet caused a significant decrease in body weight [-4.23, P=0.001], BMI [-1.14, P=0.001], body fat percentage [-3.18, P=0.001], fat mass [-2.94, P=0.001] becomes obese in normal weight, overweight, and obese adults. But these two interventions do not change the muscle mass [-0.1, P=0.8].
Conclusion: Using a low-carbohydrate diet along with HIIT can lead to weight loss and body composition improvement in normal weight, overweight and obese adults. Also, these two interventions simultaneously can exert optimal effects on aerobic performance.
Keywords
high intensity interval training
low carbohydrate diet
body composition
aerobic fitness
Subjects
  1. Sun S, Kong Z, Shi Q, Zhang H, Lei O-K, Nie J, editors. Carbohydrate restriction with or without exercise training improves blood pressure and insulin sensitivity in overweight women. Healthcare; 2021: MDPI.
  2. Kong Z, Hu M, Liu Y, Shi Q, Zou L, Sun S ,et al. Affective and Enjoyment Responses to Short-Term High-Intensity Interval Training with Low-Carbohydrate Diet in Overweight Young Women. Nutrients. 2020;12.)2
  3. Sun S, Kong Z, Shi Q, Hu M, Zhang H, Zhang D, et al. Non-energy-restricted low-carbohydrate diet combined with exercise intervention improved cardiometabolic health in overweight Chinese females. Nutrients. 2019;11(12):3051.
  4. Hu J, Wang Z, Lei B, Li J, Wang R. Effects of a low-carbohydrate high-fat diet combined with highintensity interval training on body composition and maximal oxygen uptake: a systematic review and metaanalysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021;18(20):10740.
  5. Dostal T, Plews DJ, Hofmann P, Laursen PB, Cipryan L. Effects of a-12 Week Very-Low Carbohydrate High-Fat Diet on Maximal Aerobic Capacity, High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise, and Cardiac Autonomic Regulation: Non-randomized Parallel-Group Study. Frontiers in Physiology. 2019;10.
  6. Arad AD, DiMenna FJ, Thomas N, Tamis-Holland J, Weil R, Geliebter A, et al. High-intensity interval training without weight loss improves exercise but not basal or insulin-induced metabolism in overweight/obese African American women. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2015;119(4):352-62.
  7. Sartor F, de Morree HM, Matschke V, Marcora SM, Milousis A, Thom JM, et al. High-intensity exercise and carbohydrate-reduced energy-restricted diet in obese individuals. European journal of applied physiology. 2010;110:893-903.
  8. Ashtary-Larky D, Bagheri R ,Asbaghi O, Tinsley GM, Kooti W, Abbasnezhad A, et al. Effects of resistance training combined with a ketogenic diet on body composition: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2022;62(21):5717-32.
  9. Murphy NE, Carrigan CT, Margolis LM. High-fat ketogenic diets and physical performance: a systematic review. Advances in Nutrition. 2021;12(1):223-33.
  10. Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, Ghersi D, Liberati A, Petticrew M, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Systematic reviews. 2015;4(1):1-9.
  11. Tarsilla M. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Journal of Multidisciplinary Evaluation. 2010;6(14):142-8.
  12. Wan X, Wang W, Liu J, Tong T. Estimating the sample mean and standard deviation from the sample size, median, range and/or interquartile range. BMC medical research methodology. 2014;14:1-13.
  13. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. Bmj. 2003;327(7414):557-60.
  14. Copas J, Shi JQ. Meta-analysis, funnel plots and sensitivity analysis. Biostatistics. 2000;1(3):247-62.
  15. Egger M, Smith GD, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. Bmj. 1997;315(7109):629-34.
  16. De Morton NA. The PEDro scale is a valid measure of the methodological quality of clinical trials: a demographic study. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy. 2009;55(2):129-33.
  17. Gyorkos A, Baker MH, Miutz LN, Lown DA ,Jones MA, Houghton-Rahrig LD. Carbohydraterestricted Diet and High-intensity Interval Training Exercise Improve Cardio-metabolic and Inflammatory Profiles in Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Crossover Trial. Cureus. 2019;11. 9
  18. Sun S, Lei OK, Nie J ,Shi Q, Xu Y, Kong Z. Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diet and Exercise Training on Gut Microbiota. Frontiers in Nutrition. 2022;9.
  19. Asle Mohammadi Zadeh M, Kargarfard M, Marandi SM, Habibi A. Diets along with interval training regimes improves inflammatory & anti-inflammatory condition in obesity with type 2 diabetes subjects. Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders. 2018;17(2):253-67.
  20. Sun S, Lei OK, Nie J, Shi Q, Xu Y, Kong Z. Effects of low-carbohydrate diet and exercise training on gut microbiota. Frontiers in Nutrition. 2022;9:884550.
  21. Cipryan L, Plews DJ, Ferretti A, Maffetone PB, Laursen PB. Effects of a 4-Week Very LowCarbohydrate Diet on High-Intensity Interval Training Responses. J Sports Sci Med. 2018;17(2):259-68.
  22. Cipryan L ,Dostal T, Plews DJ, Hofmann P, Laursen PB. Adiponectin/leptin ratio increases after a 12- week very low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet, and exercise training in healthy individuals: A non-randomized, parallel design study. Nutrition Research. 2021;87:22-30.
  23. McSwiney FT, Wardrop B, Hyde PN, Lafountain RA, Volek JS, Doyle L. Keto-adaptation enhances exercise performance and body composition responses to training in endurance athletes. Metabolism. 2018;81:25-34.
  24. Valsdottir TD, Ovrebo B, Kornfeldt TM, Litleskare S, Johansen EI, Henriksen C, et al. Effect of aerobic exercise and low-carbohydrate high-fat diet on glucose tolerance and android/gynoid fat in overweight/obese women: A randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology. 2023;14.
  25. Sun S ,Kong Z, Shi Q, Hu M, Zhang H, Zhang D, et al. Non-Energy-Restricted Low-Carbohydrate Diet Combined with Exercise Intervention Improved Cardiometabolic Health in Overweight Chinese Females. Nutrients. 2019;11.
  26. Wang Y, Zhou K, Wang V, Bao D, Zhou J .The effects of concurrent training combined with lowcarbohydrate high-fat ketogenic diet on body composition and aerobic performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022;19(18):1.1542
  27. Lee HS, Lee J. Influences of ketogenic diet on body fat percentage, respiratory exchange rate, and total cholesterol in athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2021;18(6.2912:)
  28. Cao J, Lei S, Wang X, Cheng S. The effect of a ketogenic low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet on aerobic capacity and exercise performance in endurance athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2021;13(8):2896.
  29. Oh R, Gilani B ,Uppaluri KR. Low carbohydrate diet. 2019.
Medical Journal of Mashhad university of Medical Sciences
Volume 67, Issue 3
May and June 2024
Pages 925-942