Develop a structural model of obsessive-compulsive disorder based on early maladaptive schemas, attachment styles, defense mechanisms, emotional self-regulation and anxiety

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 PhD Student of General Psychology, Department of Psychology, Borujerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Borujerd, Iran.

2 Associate Professor, Department of Measurement, Faculty of Psychology, Allameh Tabatabaei University, Tehran, Iran(Corresponding author).

3 Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

Objective: Current investigation started with the aim of compilation of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) structural model based on Early Maladaptive Schemas, Attachment styles, Mental Defenses Mechanisms, Emotional Self-Regulation and Anxiety.
Materials and Methods: In this study, 390 samples suffering from OCD, applied to consulting institutes in Tehran with purposive method based on 27 variable(parameter) in two groups of male and female had selected to investigate. The measuring tools includes: Maudsley OCD Questionnaire, Brief Questionnaire of Yang’s Schemas, Hazan and Shavior’s Adult Attachment Styles Questionnaire, Andrews and others Defense Mechanisms Questionnaire, Hofmann and Kashdan’s Emotional Self-Regulation and Anxiety Spilberger’s Questionnaire, Analysis of data with the structural model with the help of Amos software has been completed.
Results: The mean (SD) age of participants was 38. And in current study provided that assumption is linear and normalizing of multi-Parameters with the Amos software, analysis would take place. Result have shown that Early Maladaptive Schemas and Attachment Styles with mediated (interposition) of Defense Mechanisms, Emotion Self-Regulation, Anxiety had direct/indirect meaningful effects on OCD.
Conclusion: The results of structural model analysis with the use of experimental data have shown that three variables Defense Mechanisms, Emotional Self-Regulation and Anxiety regarding OCD and Early Maladaptive Schemas, Attachment Styles play a mediator role. 

Keywords

References

  1. Veal, D., Willson, R. (2014). Overcoming obsessive-compulsive disorder (a self- help guide: using cognitive
    behavioral techniques). Translated by: Jamalfer S. Tehran: Arasbaran. (Full Text in Persian).
    2. Gruner, P., Pittenger, C. (2017). Cognitive inflexibility in obsessive- compulsive disorder. Neuroscience, 345,
    243-55
    3. Young, Jeffrey. 1999. Cognitive therapy of personality disorders Schematic-based approach. Translation: Ali
    Sahebi and Hassan Hamidpour. 2005. Tehran: Arjmand. (in Persian)
    4. Martin, R., and Young, J. (2010). Schema Therapy. In k.S. Doboson. (Ed). Handbook of Cognitive Behavioral
    Therapies. London: Guilford pres. 317-346.
    5. Shariatzadeh, Mehrdad. (2018) Prediction of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Symptoms Via Early
    Maladaptive. International Journal of Innovation and Research in Educational Sciences Vol 4, Issue 3, ISSN
    (Online): 2349–5219
    6. Dezfuli informant, Alireza, Rezaei, Fatemeh and Sadeghi, Massoud (2015). The mediating role of
    dysfunctional cognition between early maladaptive schemas and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Jundishapur
    Medical Scientific Journal, No. 6 (15), 731-717. (in Persian)
    7. Emami Ezzat, Amina. (1393). Investigating the role of early maladaptive schemas on social anxiety with
    respect to the mediating effects of emotional regulation. Master Thesis, University of Tabriz. (in Persian)
    8. Bowlby John (1998). Attachment and Loss: Vol. II: Separation, anxiety and Anger. London: Penguin Books
    Limited.
    9. Mirsadeghi, Soodabeh, Sohrabi, Faramarz, Eskandari, Hossein, Borjali, Ahmad and Farrokhi, Noor Ali (1396).
    Developing a structural model of mothers' parenting styles based on attachment styles and the quality of their
    thematic relationships among mothers with normal children with separation and obsessive-compulsive
    disorder. Quarterly Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy. Eighth Volume No. 30, 168-194. (in Persian)
    10. Pakofteh, Nasrin and Akhlaghi, Hossein (1396). The relationship between attachment styles, defense
    mechanisms and rumination with obsessive beliefs of women in Tehran. Journal of Psychological
    Development, No. 6. No. 4 (21) 197-216. (in Persian)
    11. FitzGerald, K. M. (2018). Attachment and Reassurance Seeking in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. A thesis
    submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Psychology (Clinical
    Psychology). Faculty of Health, Arts, and Design Swinburne University of Technology Hawthorn, Victoria,
    Australia.
    12. Nicole Hall, Ethan Smith, Jacob Linders and Tirso Aquino. (2017). Adult Attachment Style, ObsessiveCompulsiveness, and Response to a Stressful Situation. Westminster Journal for Global Progress.
    13. Blackman, Jerome S. (2016). 101 Defenses: How the mind shields itself. Translated by: JavadZadeh GH.
    Tehran: Arjmand. (Full Text in Persian)
    14. Cramer, Patrick (2000). Defense Mechanisms in Psychology Today. Journal of American Psychology, 55 (6),
    637-646
    15. Corey, G. (2016). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy. Translated by: SayedMohammadi,
    Y. Tehran: Arasbaran, (Full Text in Persian).
    16. Shamsali Zahra, Rabiee, Mehdi, and Rahnjat, Amir Mohsen. (1396). Investigating the relationship between
    emotional experience and the use of defense strategies with obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Nurse and doctor
    in battle. 5 (16): 12-18. (in Persian)
    17. Siraj Khorami, Azar (2013). Comparison of rumination and defense mechanisms in people with major
    depressive disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder with non-sufferers. Master Thesis. Razi University. (in
    Persian)
    18. Hofmann, S.G. and Kashdan, T.B. (2010). The Affective Style Questionnaire: Development and Psychometric
    Properties. Journal of Psychopathology Behavior Assessment, 32, 255–263
    19. Ridder, D. & Wit, J. (2006). Self-regulation in health behavior: Concepts, Theories and central issues. In:
    Ridder D, Wit J editors. Self-regulation in health behavior. New Jersey, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
    20. Qamari Givi, Hossein, Imani Hassan, Brahmand, Osha, and Sadeghi Movahed, Fariba. (1391). Evaluation of
    inhibition disorders and emotional recognition in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clinical
    Psychology 4 (2): 9-18. (in Persian)
    21. Tale Baktash, Soheila, Yaghoubi, Hassan, and Yousefi, Rahim. Comparison of early maladaptive schemas and
    emotion regulation strategies in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder with normal individuals. Feyz
    Journal of Kashan University of Medical Sciences. Volume 17, pp. 481-471. (in Persian)
    22. Berman, Noah Chase, Shaw, Ashley M., Wilhelm, Sabine. (2018). Emotion Regulation in Patients with
    Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Unique Effects for Those with “Taboo Thoughts”. Cognitive Therapy and
    Research, 42,5, 674–685.
  2. 23. Clark, David A., Beck, Aaron T., Stewart, Bonnie L. (1990). Cognitive specificity and positive-negative
    affectivity: Complementary or contradictory views on anxiety and depression. Journal of Abnormal
    Psychology, 99, 148-55.
    24. Ellen W. Ambruster, David C. Witherington. (2016). Adult Attachment and Parental Bonding: Correlations
    Between Perceived Relationship Qualities and Self-Reported Anxiety. The Professional Counselor. 6(1):33-49.
    25. 25. Welburn, K., Coristine, M., Dagg, P., Pontefract, A., Jordan, SH. (2002). The schema questionnaire – short
    form: factor analysis and relationship between schemas and symptoms, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26
    )4(, 519- 530.
    26. Hazan, C., Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality
    and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511–24.
    27. Rahimian Bogar, Ishaq. Kian Arsi, Farahnaz. Tarbran, Faezeh. (2013). The study of the relationship between
    emotional schemas, cognitive-behavioral avoidance and cognitive-emotional system with generalized anxiety
    disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Researcher. 18 (5): 267-276. (in Persian)
    28. Dost Mohammadi, Yahya (1389). Investigating the relationship between attachment styles and three
    dimensions of love with marital adjustment among married teachers working in education in Shahriar city in
    the academic year of 2009-2010. Master Thesis. Allameh Tabatabaei University. (in Persian)
    29. Karshki, Hossein, (2013), Assessing the Factor Structure of the Emotional Styles Scale in Students, Journal of
    Behavioral Sciences Research, Volume 11, Number 3, 195-185. (in Persian)
    30. Khanipour, Hamid, Mohammadkhani, Parvaneh, and Tabatabai, Saeed (1390). Strategies for controlling
    thought and anxiety traits: Predictors of morbid anxiety in non-clinical specimens, Journal of Behavioral
    Sciences, Volume 5, Issue 2, pp. 173-178. (in Persian)
    31. Mahram, B. (1994). Validation of Eshpilberger anxiety test in Mashhad. Mashhad University of Education
    Master Thesis. (Persian).
    32. 32. Hodgson, R.J. and Rachman, S. (1977). Obsessional compulsive Complaints. Behavior Research and
    Therapy, 15, 389-395.
    33. Secty, Gil S. Behavioral treatment of obsession, translated by Abbas Bakhshipour. Tabriz: Ravan Pouya, 1997.
    (in Persian)
    34. Dadfar, M., Bolhari, j., Malakuti, K., Bayanzade, S. (2000). Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder.
    Journal of andisheh raftar, 7(25),27-32. (Persian).
    35. Narui Nosrati, Rahim. (1393). Manifestations of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder among Religious People and
    Its Treatment Strategies Based on Islamic Traditions: Psychology and Religion »Winter 2014 - Issue 28
    Scientific-Research / ISC pp. 23-40. (in Persian)
    36. Andrews, Gavin, Singh, Michelle, and Bond, Michael. (1993). The defense style questionnaire. Journal of
    Nervous Mental Disease, 181(4), 246-56.
    37. Chalbianlu, Gholamreza, Goodarzi, Mohammad Ali, Haghshenas, Hassan, and Taghavi, Seyed Mohammad
    Reza (1387). The effect of responsibility and confidence in memory in patients with obsessive-compulsive
    disorder. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 427-419 (in Persian).
    38. Mohammad Alilou, Majid (1384). Experimental study of memory problems in obsessive-compulsive disorder
    patients. Thoughts and behavior. Volume 11, page 1, pp. 70-62. (in Persian)
    39. Afsharian, Neda, and Kadivar, Parvin. (1395). The role of attachment to parents and peers and psychological
    self-alienation in predicting adolescent abusive behavior. New educational ideas. (12). 1. 61-78. (in Persian)
    40. Sij Zahra, secretary Gholamreza, and Nadi, Mohammad. (1397). The effectiveness of group therapy schema on
    attachment styles (safe, anxiety insecure and unsafe avoidance) and symptoms of patients with obsessivecompulsive disorder. Scientific Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences. 25 (3): 181-192. (in
    Persian)
    41. Goodarzi, Neda, Khosravi, Zohreh and Dehshiri, Gholamreza. (2016) Early maladaptive schemas and
    metacognitive beliefs in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder, obsessive-compulsive personality
    disorder and normal group. Eighth Year Clinical Psychology, No. 3 (33 consecutive). 25-35. (in Persian)
    42. Kim, Ji Eun, Lee, Sang Won, Lee Seung Jae. (2014). Relationship between early maladaptive schemas and
    symptom dimensions in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 215(1),
    134- 40.
    43. Dadashzadeh H, Musazadeh T, Ebadi-Yusefi M, Amiri S. (2018) Attachment styles of patients with major
    depressive, obsessive-compulsive, and generalized anxiety disorders. J Anal Res Clin Med 2018; 6(1): 34-42.
    44. Hakimian, Mahtab and Dehghani, Mahmoud. (1396). The role of emotional self-regulation on the rumination
    of people with obsessive-compulsive disorder. International Conference on Psychology, Counseling and
    Education. (in Persian)
  3. 45. Buyukturkoglu, K, Roettgers, H, Sommer, J, Rana, M, Dietzsch, L, Arikan EB, Veit R, Malekshahi, R,
    Kircher, T, Birbaumer, N, Sitaram, R, Ruiz, S.(2015). Self-Regulation of Anterior Insula with Real-Time
    fMRI and Its Behavioral Effects in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Feasibility Study. PLoS One. 2015 Aug
    24;10(8): e0135872.
    46. Zangolehchi, Zahra, Yousefi Kolehkhaneh, Zahra, and Keshavarz, Neda (1396). Anxiety sensitivity,
    intolerance of indecision and obsessive-compulsive syndrome. Contemporary Psychology, 12 (Special Issue).
    889-892. (in Persian)
    47. Ahadi, Batool. Azizi Nejad Fahima. (1387). Expression of obsessive-compulsive disorder in terms of
    attachment styles and defense mechanisms. Journal of Behavioral Sciences. 2. (4):. 339-343. (in Persian)
medical journal of mashhad university of medical sciences
Volume 64, Issue 3
September and October 2021
Pages 3208-3223

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics