The Effectiveness of Mindfulness Skills Training on the Impulsivity and Emotional Self-Awareness in the Adolescents with the Addiction Tendency

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 PhD Student in Counseling, Islamic Azad University, Roodehen Branch, Tehran, Iran.

2 Associate Professor, Department of Counseling, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Counseling, Islamic Azad University, Roodehen Branch, Tehran, Iran.

3 Assistant Professor, Department of Counseling, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Counseling, Islamic Azad University, Roodehen Branch, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

Tendency to addiction in adolescents and not paying enough attention to it, can lead them to high-risk and addictive behaviors and leave irreparable harm. according to this the present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness skills training on the impulsivity and emotional self-awareness in the adolescents with the addiction tendency.
The present study was quasi-experimental with pretest, posttest, control group and two-month follow-up stage design. The statistical population included secondary high school students with addiction tendency in the academic year 2019-20. 30 adolescents were selected through purposive sampling method and they were randomly accommodated into experimental and control groups (each group of 15 adolescents). The experimental group received ten seventy-five-minute sessions of mindfulness skills training during two-and-a-half months. 2 students in the experimental group and 2 students in the control group quitted participating in the study after beginning the process. The applied questionnaires in this study included the questionnaire of addiction tendency (Mousavi et.al, 2008), impulsivity questionnaire (Barratt, et.al, 2004) and emotional self-awareness questionnaire (Grant et al, 2002). The data were analyzed through repeated measurement ANOVA and Bonferroni follow-up test.
The results showed that the mindfulness skills training had significant effect on the impulsivity and emotional self-awareness of the adolescents with the addiction tendency (p<0.001) and succeeded in decreasing impulsivity and increasing Emotional self-awareness in these adolescents.

Keywords


  1. Ruisoto P, Contador I. The role of stress in drug addiction. An integrative review. Physiology & Behavior.
    2019; 202: 62-68.
    2. Gulley JM, Izenwasser S. Adolescent drug addiction. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 2021; 203:
    173-177.
    3. Trent ES, Viana AG, Raines EM, Woodward EC, Storch EA, Zvolensky MJ. Parental threats and adolescent
    depression: The role of emotion dysregulation. Psychiatry Research. 2019; 276: 18-24.
    4. Rice F, Riglin L, Lomax T, Souter E, Potter R, Smith DJ, Thapar AK, Thapar A. Adolescent and adult
    differences in major depression symptom profiles. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2019; 243: 175-181.
    5. Chuang CI, Sussman S, Stone MD, Pang RD, Chou CP, Leventhal AM, Kirkpatrick MG. Impulsivity and
    history of behavioral addictions are associated with drug use in adolescents. Addictive Behaviors. 2017; 74(1):
    41-47.
    6. Lin Y, Liu Q. Perceived subjective social status and smartphone addiction tendency among Chinese
    adolescents: A sequential mediation model. Children and Youth Services Review. 2020; 116: 1052-1056.
    7. Argyriou E, Um M, Carron C, Cyders MA. Age and impulsive behavior in drug addiction: A review of past
    research and future directions. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 2018; 164, 106-117.
    8. Segal B, Morral AR, Stevens SJ. Adolescent substance abuse treatment in the United States: Exemplary models
    from a national evaluation study. Routledge. 2014.
    9. Mlouki I, Bouanene I, Sioud I, Bchir A, Absi A, El Mhamdi S. Impulsivity mediates the impact of early life
    adversity on high risk behaviors among Tunisian adolescents. Preventive Medicine Reports. 2021; 23: 1014-1018.
    10. Duran-Bonavila S, Morales-Vives F, Cosi S, Vigil-Colet A. How impulsivity and intelligence are related to
    different forms of aggression. Personality and Individual Differences. 2017; 117(9): 66-70.
    11. Heinz AJ, Bui L, Thomas KM, Blonigen DM. Distinct Facets of Impulsivity Exhibit Differential Associations
    with Sub- stance Use Disorder Treatment Processes: A Cross-Sectional and Prospective Investigation Among
    Military Veterans. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2015; 22: 1-37.
    12. Sun J, Liu Q, Yu S. Child neglect, psychological abuse and smartphone addiction among Chinese adolescents:
    The roles of emotional intelligence and coping style. Computers in Human Behavior. 2019; 90: 74-83.
    13. Kubota M, Miyata J, Sasamoto A, Kawada R, Fujimoto S, Tanaka Y, Sawamoto N, Fukuyama H, Takahashi
    H, Murai T. Alexithymia and reduced white matter integrity in schizophrenia: A diffusion tensor imaging study
    on impaired emotional self-awareness. Schizophrenia Research. 2012; 141(2-3): 137-143.
    14. Lee SW, Won S, Jeong B. Moderating effect of emotional awareness on the association between maltreatment
    experiences and resilience. Personality and Individual Differences. 2019; 148: 38-44.
    15. Baroncelli A, Roti B, Ciucci R. The associations between callous-unemotional traits and emotional awareness
    in youth. Personality and Individual Differences. 2018; 120: 247-252.
    16. Hamidi M, Shariat S, Aghabozorgi S, Keshavarz Mohammadi R. The Effectiveness of Child-based
    Mindfulness Program on Impulsivity and Aggression in Children with Externalizing Disorders. Journal of Child
    Mental Health. 2020; 6(4): 144-155. (In Persian)
    17. Asli Azad M, Manshaei G, Ghamarani A. The Effect of Mindfulness Therapy on Tolerance of Uncertainty
    and Thought-Action Fusion in Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Journal of Child Mental Health.
    2019; 6(1): 83-94. (In Persian)
    18. Amiri F, Viskarami H, Sepahvandi MA. effectiveness of mindfulness therapy on the first-grade high school
    gifted students' anxiety and emotion regulation. Empowering exceptional children. 2019; 10(2): 137-148. (In
    Persian)
    19. Vajdian MR, Arefi M, Manshaei GH. The Effect of Adolescent-Based Mindfulness Training on the Depression
    and Anxiety of the Girls with Affective Failure. Medical Journal of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences.
    2021; 63(3): 51-61. (In Persian)
    20. Baharvand I, sodani M. the effectiveness of mindfulness - based stress reduction training on empathy and
    sympathy in single mother - headed adolescents. Psychological sciences. 2020; 19(86): 183-191. (In Persian)
    21. Shariati S, Karimi B. The effect of teaching mindfulness techniques on happiness, mental well-being and
    rumination of single girls. Journal of Applied Family Therapy. 2021; 1(1): 125-147. (In Persian)
    22. Perry-Parrish C, Copeland-Linder N, Webb L, Sibinga EM. Mindfulness-Based Approaches for Children and
    Youth, Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care. 2016; 46(6): 172-178.
    23. Miller CJ, Brooker B. Mindfulness programming for parents and teachers of children with ADHD.
    Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice. 2017; 28: 108-115.
    24. Marusak HA, Elrahal F, Peters CA, Kundu P, Lombardo MV, Calhoun VD, Goldberg EK, Cohen, C, Taub
    JW, Rabinak CA. Mindfulness and dynamic functional neural connectivity in children and adolescents. Behavioral
    Brain Research. 2018; 336: 211-218.
  2. 25. Deng X, Zhang JM, Hu L, Zeng H. Neurophysiological evidences of the transient effects of mindfulness
    induction on emotional processing in children: An ERP study. International Journal of Psychophysiology. 2019;
    143: 36-43.
    26. Lack S, Brown R, Kinser PA. An Integrative Review of Yoga and Mindfulness-Based Approaches for
    Children and Adolescents with Asthma. Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 2020; 52: 76-81.
    27. Yu M, Zhou H, Xu H, Zhou H. Chinese adolescents’ mindfulness and internalizing symptoms: The mediating
    role of rumination and acceptance. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2021; 280: 97-104.
    28. Strauss C, Lea L, Hayward M, Forrester E, Leeuwerik T, Jones A, Rosten C. Mindfulness-based exposure and
    response prevention for obsessive compulsive disorder: Findings from a pilot randomised controlled trial. Journal
    of Anxiety Disorders. 2018; 57: 39-47.
    29. Lovas DA, Schuman-Olivier Z. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for bipolar disorder: A systematic
    review. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2018; 240: 247-261.
    30. Hofmann SG, Angelina F, Gomez BA. Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression,
    Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2017; 40(4): 739-749.
    31. Kroska EB, Miller ML, Roche AI, Kroska SK, O’Hara MW. Effects of traumatic experiences on obsessivecompulsive and internalizing symptoms: The role of avoidance and mindfulness. Journal of Affective Disorders.
    2018; 225: 326-336.
    32. Mir Hesami, SH. Investigating the role of family in the tendency of youth and adolescents to addiction,
    bachelor's thesis. Payam Noor university. 2013. (In Persian)
    33. Fathi A, Zare Davijani E, Mousavifar B, Morsali H. The Role of Family in preventing the tendency to addiction
    in adolescents and young adults in Tabriz. East Azerbaijan Law Enforcement Quarterly. 2016; 5(3): 79-91. (In
    Persian)
    34. Abdolmaleki S, Farid A, Habibi Kaleybar R, Hashemi SM, Qodosi Nejad A. Investigating the Relationship
    between Family Emotional Atmosphere and Affective Control with Tendency to Addiction. Journal of Research
    Family. 2017; 12(48): 649-662. (In Persian)
    35. Barratt E, Stanford MS, Kent TA, Felthous A. Neuropsychological and cognitive psychophysiology substrates
    of impulsive aggression. Biological Psychiatry. 2004; 41: 1045-1061.
    36. Ekhtiari H, Safaei H, Esmaeeli Djavid G, Atefvahid M K, Edalati H, Mokri A. Reliability and Validity of
    Persian Versions of Eysenck, Barratt, Dickman and Zuckerman Questionnaires in Assessing Risky and Impulsive
    Behaviors. IJPCP. 2008; 14(3): 326-336. (In Persian)
    37. Jalali D, Aghababaei E. Comparing the Effect of Drug Substance Abuse Prevention Method on Impulsiveness
    and Coping strategies in Male students. Knowledge and research in applied psychology. 2013; 13(4): 5-17. (In
    Persian)
    38. Mohanna S, Talepasand S. The Relationship between Environmental Supports and Emotional Self-awareness
    with Academic Engagement: the Mediating role of Educational Well-being. Iranian Journal of Medical Education.
    2016; 16(4): 31-42. (In Persian)