The effect of total body resistance training (TRX) and omega-3 supplementation on serum leptin levels and body fat percentage in overweight and obese women

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran

Abstract

Background: Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as leptin play an important role in the pathogenesis of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Exercise and food supplements are two suitable approaches to prevent the phenomenon of overweight and obesity. This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of total body resistance training (TRX) and omega-3 supplementation on serum leptin levels and body fat percentage in overweight and obese women.
Method: In this semi-experimental research, 48 overweight and obese women were purposefully selected as a statistical sample and randomly divided into four groups of 12 people: 1) training, 2) supplement, 3) training +supplement, and 4) control. The subjects of the first and third groups performed the exercise training protocol (TRX) for eight weeks (Three sessions per week). Also, the subjects of the second and third groups received two 1000 mg capsules of omega-3 supplement daily, and the first and fourth groups received the same amount of placebo (Oral paraffin). At the beginning and end of the study, measuring body fat percentage using a body composition measuring device and venous blood samples were collected to measure biochemical values. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance, and Tukey's post hoc test at a significance level of less than 0.05.

Keywords


  1. Lee, J. K. (2021). Effects of exercise type and intensity on visfatin and the metabolic
    syndrome in obesity. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, 27, 170-173.
  2. Izadmehr, M., Mogharnasi, M., Saghebjoo, M., & Zarban, A. (2023). The effect of resistance training combined with spirulina consumption on malondialdehyde and total antioxidant capacity in overweight and obese men. Journal of Applied Health Studies in Sport Physiology10(1), 39-49.
  3. Bektas, A., Schurman, S. H., Sen, R., & Ferrucci, L. (2018). Aging, inflammation and the
    Experimental gerontology, 105, 10-18.
  4. Franceschi, Campisi.(2014). Chronic inflammation (inflammaging) and its potential
    contribution to ageassociated diseases. Journal of the Gerontological Society;69 Suppl 1:S4-
  5. Jahandideh, A. A., Rohani, H., Rajabi, H., & Shariatzade Joneidi, M. (2021). Effect of 8-
    weeks of Combined Exercise Training on Plasma Leptin and Adiponectin levels in Obese
    Journal of Applied Health Studies in Sport Physiology, 8(2), 25-33.
  6. Muskiet, F. A., Carrera-Bastos, P., Pruimboom, L., Lucia, A., & Furman, D. (2022). Obesity
    and Leptin Resistance in the Regulation of the Type I Interferon Early Response and the
    Increased Risk for Severe COVID-19. Nutrients, 14(7), 1388.
  7. Watson, R. R., Zibadi, S., & Preedy, V. R. (Eds.). (2010). Dietary components and immune
    Springer Science & Business Media.
  8. Joo, Y. B., Lee, K. B., Sul, B., Lee, H. S., Lim, S. H., & Park, Y. J. (2022). Effect of
    resistance exercise on serum leptin levels in a prospective longitudinal study of women
    patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Research & Therapy, 24(1), 1-9.
  9. Mohiti-Ardakani J, Afkhami-Ardakani M, Sedghi H.(2004). Comparitive Study of Serum
    Leptin Levels in DiabeticObese Patients and Non-Diabetic Obese Individuals.Shahid
    Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences
    .12(2):9-14
  10. Dorling, J., Broom, D. R., Burns, S. F., Clayton, D. J., Deighton, K., James, L. J.& Stensel,
    J. (2018). Acute and chronic effects of exercise on appetite, energy intake, and appetiterelated hormones: The modulating effect of adiposity, sex, and habitual physical
    activity. Nutrients, 10(9), 1140.
  11. Bahram, M. E., & Mogharnasi, M. (2015). The effect of twelve weeks high intensity training interval (HIIT) on leptin levels and obesity dependent factors among female students suffering overweight. Journal of sport biosciences6(4), 451-465.‏
  12. Bhutani S, Klempel MC, Kroeger CM, Trepanowski JF, Phillips SA, Norkeviciute E, Varady
    (2013). Alternate day fasting with or without exercise: Effects on endothelial function
    and adipokines in obese humans. Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism; 8: e205–
    e209.
  13. Beavers KM, Ambrosius WT, Nicklas BJ, Rejeski WJ.(2013). Independent and combined
    effects of physical activity and weight loss on inflammatory biomarkers in overweight and
    obese older adults.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society; 61: 1089–1094.
  14. Hemmati, S. (2021). The effect of 12 weeks of whole body resistance training (TRX) on
    testosterone and cortisol serum levels in elderly men. Feyz, Journal of Kashan University of
    Medical Sciences
    , 25(3), 917-925.
  15. Wesley D. Dudgeon, Judith M. Herron, Johannas A. Aartun, David D. Thomas, Elizabeth P. Kelley, Timothy P. Scheett.(2015). "Physiologic and Metabolic Effects of a Suspension Training Workout".International Journal of Sports Science.5(2): 65-72.
  16. Djuricic, I., & Calder, P. C. (2021). Beneficial outcomes of omega-6 and omega-3
    polyunsaturated fatty acids on human health: an update for 2021. Nutrients, 13(7), 2421.
  17. Delpino, F. M., Figueiredo, L. M., & da Silva, B. G. C. (2021). Effects of omega-3
    supplementation on body weight and body fat mass: A systematic review. Clinical Nutrition
    ESPEN
    , 44, 122-129.
  18. Ahmadzadeh, S., Gholami, M., Soheili, S., & Ghazalian, F. (2021). The Effect of Eight
    Weeks Aerobic Training and Omega3 Ingestion on the Levels of Adipsin and Insulin
    Resistance in Overweight and Obese Women. Women’s Health Bulletin, 8(3).
  19. Miles EA, Calder PC. (2015).Fatty acids, lipid emulsions and the immune and inflammatory
    World review of nutrition;112:17–30.
  20. Calder PC. ( 2010) Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes. Nutrients;2:355–74.
  21. Noreen, E.E., M.J., Crowe M.L., Pabon V.A., & Brandauer J. (2010). Effects of
    supplemental fish oil on resting metabolic rate, body composition, and salivary cortisol in
    healthy adults. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 7, 31-47.
  22. Defina, L.F., Marcoux, L.G., Devers, S.M., Cleaver, J.P., & Willis, B.L. (2011). Effects of
    omega-3 supplementation in combination with diet and exercise on weight loss and body
    American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 93, 455-462.
  23. Guzel, Y., Atakan, M. M., Areta, J. L., Turnagol, H. H., & Kosar, S. N. (2022). Ten weeks of
    low-volume walking training improve cardiometabolic health and body composition in
    sedentary postmenopausal women with obesity without affecting markers of bone
    Research in Sports Medicine, 1-13.
  24. Hakimi, M., Abbaspoor, M., Mohammadi, M. A., & Ghaderi, Z. The Effects of Whey
    Protein Supplementation on Lipid Profile, Serum Leptin and Body Composition during 12
    Week Resistance Training in Obese Men. Lipids in Health and Disease. 21;19(1):209.
  25. Wylie, L. J., Kelly, J., Bailey, S. J., Blackwell, J. R., Skiba, P. F., Winyard, P. G., ... & Jones,
    M. (2013). Beetroot juice and exercise: pharmacodynamic and dose-response
    relationships. Journal of applied physiology, 115(3), 325-336.
  26. Ebrahimpour, S., & Irandoust, K. (2016). The Effects of aerobic exercise and omega-3
    supplementation on plasma ghrelin and appetite levels in obese women. Journal of Practical
    Studies of Biosciences in Sport
    , 4(7), 33-42.
  27. Rahimi, M., Nazarali, P., & Alizadeh, R. (2021). Pilates and TRX training methods can
    improve insulin resistance in overweight women by increasing an exercise-hormone,
    Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders, 20(2), 1455-1460.
  28. Abbas Saremi, A., Shavandi, N., & Bayat, N. (2012). The effect of aerobic training on
    ghrelin and leptin serum levels and sleep quality in obese and overweight men. Journal of
    Arak University of Medical Sciences
    , 15(1), 52-60.
  29. Irandust, K. H., Rahmani Nia, F., & Mohebbi, H. (2011). The effect of aerobic exercise on
    plasma ghrelin and leptin concentrations in obese and normal weight women. Olympic, 50,
    87-100.
  30. Bijeh, N., Moazami, M., AHMADI, A., Samadpour, F., & Zabihi, A. R. (2011). Effect of 6
    months of aerobic exercise training on serum leptin, cortisol, insulin and glucose levels in
    thin middle-aged women.
  31. Ara, I., Perez-Gomez, J., Vicente-Rodríguez, G., Chavarren, J., Dorado, C., & Calbet, J. A.
    (2006). Serum free testosterone, leptin and soluble leptin receptor changes in a 6-week
    strength-training programme. British journal of nutrition, 96(6), 1053-1059.
  32. Khalili, S., & Nouri, R. (2013). The effect of eight weeks resistance training on leptin and
    insulin resistance in obese female. Avicenna Journal of Clinical Medicine, 20(1), 59-65.
  33. Nikkar, H., Rshidlamir, A., Khajei, R., Barjaste, A., & Vazifedoost, M. (2023). Effects of 8
    Weeks of Combined Rehabilitation Training on Plasma Levels of Leptin, Adiponectin, and
    Resistin in Middle-Aged Men after CABG. Medical Laboratory Journal, 17(1), 20-26.
  34. Bouassida, A., Chamari, K., Zaouali, M., Feki, Y., Zbidi, A., & Tabka, Z. (2010). Review on
    leptin and adiponectin responses and adaptations to acute and chronic exercise. British
    journal of sports medicine
    , 44(9), 620-630.
  35. Asad, M. R., Ferdosi, M. H., & Yoosefi, Z. (2012). The effects of three training methods
    endurance, resistance and concurrent on adiponectin resting levels in overweighed untrained
    Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 440-444.
  36. Lean, M. E. J., & Malkova, D. (2016). Altered gut and adipose tissue hormones in
    overweight and obese individuals: cause or consequence?. International journal of
    obesity
    , 40(4), 622-632.
  37. Kim, S., Kim, J., Lim, Y., Kim, Y. J., Kim, J. Y., & Kwon, O. (2015). A dietary cholesterol
    challenge study to assess Chlorella supplementation in maintaining healthy lipid levels in
    adults: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Nutrition journal, 15(1), 1-7.
  38. Karbalamahdi, A., Abedi, B., Fatolahi, H., & Pazoki, A. (2019). Effect of aerobic training
    and C. vulgaris intake on lipid profile and leptin in obese women. Hormozgan Medical
    Journal
    , 23(2), e91436-e91436.
  39. Farimani, A. R., Hariri, M., Azimi-Nezhad, M., Borji, A., Zarei, S., & Hooshmand, E.
    (2018). The effect of n-3 PUFAs on circulating adiponectin and leptin in patients with type 2
    diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled
    Acta diabetologica, 55, 641-652.
  40. Hariri, M., Ghiasvand, R., Shiranian, A., Askari, G., Iraj, B., & Salehi‐Abargouei, A. (2015).
    Does omega‐3 fatty acids supplementation affect circulating leptin levels? A systematic
    review and meta‐analysis on randomized controlled clinical trials. Clinical
    endocrinology
    , 82(2), 221-228.
  41. Huerta, A. E., Prieto-Hontoria, P. L., Sáinz, N., Martínez, J. A., & Moreno-Aliaga, M. J.
    (2015). Supplementation with α-lipoic acid alone or in combination with eicosapentaenoic
    acid modulates the inflammatory status of healthy overweight or obese women consuming an
    energy-restricted diet. The Journal of nutrition, 146(4), 889S-896S.
  42. Moreno-Aliaga, M. J., Lorente-Cebrián, S., & Martínez, J. A. (2010). Regulation of
    adipokine secretion by n-3 fatty acids. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 69(3), 324-332.
  43. Kohli, P., & Levy, B. D. (2009). Resolvins and protectins: mediating solutions to
    British journal of pharmacology, 158(4), 960-971.
  44. Serhan, C. N., & Levy, B. D. (2018). Resolvins in inflammation: emergence of the proresolving superfamily of mediators. The Journal of clinical investigation, 128(7), 2657-2669.
  45. Calder, P. C. (2006). n- 3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and inflammatory
    The American journal of clinical nutrition, 83(6), 1505S-1519S.
  46. Drevon, C. A. (2005). Fatty acids and expression of adipokines. Biochimica et Biophysica
    Acta (BBA)-Molecular Basis of Disease
    , 1740(2), 287-292.
  47. Lombardo, Y. B., Hein, G., & Chicco, A. (2007). Metabolic syndrome: effects of n-3 PUFAs
    on a model of dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and adiposity. Lipids, 42, 427-437.
  48. Huang, C. W., Chien, Y. S., Chen, Y. J., Ajuwon, K. M., Mersmann, H. M., & Ding, S. T.
    (2016). Role of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in ameliorating the obesity-induced metabolic
    syndrome in animal models and humans. International journal of molecular sciences, 17(10),

 

  1. Selenscig, D., Rossi, A., Chicco, A., & Lombardo, Y. B. (2010). Increased leptin storage
    with altered leptin secretion from adipocytes of rats with sucrose-induced dyslipidemia and
    insulin resistance: effect of dietary fish oil. Metabolism, 59(6), 787-795.
  2. Cintra, D. E., Ropelle, E. R., Moraes, J. C., Pauli, J. R., Morari, J., de Souza, C. T., ... &
    Velloso, L. A. (2012). Unsaturated fatty acids revert diet-induced hypothalamic
    inflammation in obesity. PloS one, 7(1), e30571.
  3. Bernardi, J. R., Ferreira, C. F., Senter, G., Krolow, R., de Aguiar, B. W., Portella, A. K., ... &
    Silveira, P. P. (2013). Early life stress interacts with the diet deficiency of omega-3 fatty
    acids during the life course increasing the metabolic vulnerability in adult rats. PLoS
    One
    , 8(4), e62031.
  4. Cedernaes, J., Alsiö, J., Västermark, Å., Risérus, U., & Schiöth, H. B. (2013). Adipose tissue
    stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 index is increased and linoleic acid is decreased in obesity-prone
    rats fed a high-fat diet. Lipids in health and disease, 12(1), 1-11.
  5. Maggi, S., Siviero, P., Brocco, E., Albertin, M., Romanato, G., & Crepaldi, G. (2014).
    Vitamin D deficiency, serum leptin and osteoprotegerin levels in older diabetic patients: an
    input to new research avenues. Acta diabetologica, 51(3), 461-469.
  6. Shadman, Z., Taleban, F. A., Saadat, N., & Hedayati, M. (2013). Effect of conjugated
    linoleic acid and vitamin E on glycemic control, body composition, and inflammatory
    markers in overweight type2 diabetics. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders, 12, 1-9.