Comparing the effectiveness of schema therapy and compassion therapy on self-criticism and stigma in patients with human immunodeficiency virus

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Health Psychology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran

2 Department of Psychology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran

3 Department of Psychology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran.

4 Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Army University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Introduction: HIV is one of the problems that can cause psychological problems, so the methods of treating the psychological problems of these patients should be determined. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of schema therapy and compassion therapy on self-criticism and stigma in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Method: The present study was a semi-experimental design of pre-test-post-test type with two experimental groups (schema therapy and compassion therapy) and a control group with a 3-month follow-up test. The statistical population of this research includes all the people infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (+HIV) who have not yet reached the stage of AIDS and who were in Imam Khomeini (RA) hospital in Tehran in the period of 1401-1402, who had a case file and to receive medical services and They referred to this center. The sampling method in this research was firstly targeted sampling and 60 people (20 people in each group) were selected as a sample. Mixed analysis with repeated measurements with SPSS version 26 software was used for data analysis.
Results: The results showed that both schema therapy and compassion therapy were effective in reducing self-criticism and stigma (p<001). Also, the results showed that the effectiveness of compassion therapy on reducing self-criticism and schema therapy on reducing astigmatism was higher (p<001).
Conclusion: Both schema therapy and compassion therapy are effective and it is necessary to pay attention to these two interventions in the psychological challenges of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) sufferers.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

  1. Dandachi D, Geiger G, Montgomery MW, Karmen-Tuohy S, Golzy M, Antar AA, Llibre JM, Camazine M, Díaz-De Santiago A, Carlucci PM, Zacharioudakis IM. Characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes in a multicenter registry of patients with human immunodeficiency virus and coronavirus disease 2019. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2021 Oct 1;73(7):e1964-72.
  2. Eisinger RW, Lerner AM, Fauci AS. Human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS in the era of coronavirus disease 2019: a juxtaposition of 2 pandemics. The Journal of infectious diseases. 2021 Nov 1;224(9):1455-61.
  3. Marconi, V. C., Moser, C., Gavegnano, C., Deeks, S. G., Lederman, M. M., Overton, E. T., ... & Lennox, J. J. (2022). Randomized Trial of Ruxolitinib in Antiretroviral-Treated Adults With Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 74(1), 95-104.
  4. Mehmandoost, S., Khezri, M., Mousavian, G., Tavakoli, F., Mehrabi, F., Sharifi, H., ... & Shokoohi, M. (2022). Prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus among incarcerated people in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health, 203, 75-82.
  5. Amirkhani M, Ghorbanshiroudi S, Zarbakhsh Bahri M, Seyed Alinaghei S A. A Comparison of Effectiveness of Compassion-Focused Therapy (CFT) and Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) on Psychological Flexibility of HIV Patients in Imam Khomeini Hospital. Manage Strat Health Syst 2021; 6 (2) :103-116
  6. Ho, H. E., Peluso, M. J., Margus, C., Matias Lopes, J. P., He, C., Gaisa, M. M., ... & Mullen, M. P. (2021). Clinical outcomes and immunologic characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in people with human immunodeficiency virus. The Journal of infectious diseases, 223(3), 403-408.
  7. de Mello Vianna, C. M., & Mosegui, G. B. G. (2022). Cost-effectiveness analysis of the implementation of Cryptococcal Antigen lateral flow assay for the diagnosis of Cryptococcal Meningitis in symptomatic people living with human immunodeficiency virus in Brazil. Value in Health Regional Issues, 29, 53-59.
  8. Mukerji, S. S., Misra, V., Lorenz, D. R., Chettimada, S., Keller, K., Letendre, S., ... & Gabuzda, D. (2021). Low neuroactive steroids identifies a biological subtype of depression in adults with human immunodeficiency virus on suppressive antiretroviral therapy. The Journal of infectious diseases, 223(9), 1601-1611.
  9. Namuli, J. D., Nalugya, J. S., Bangirana, P., & Nakimuli-Mpungu, E. (2021). Prevalence and factors associated with suicidal ideation among children and adolescents attending a pediatric HIV clinic in Uganda. Frontiers in Sociology, 6, 127.
  10. Kunisaki, K. M., De Francesco, D., Sabin, C. A., Winston, A., Mallon, P. W., Anderson, J., ... & Redline, S. (2021, January). Sleep disorders in human immunodeficiency virus: a substudy of the pharmacokinetics and clinical observations in People Over Fifty (POPPY) Study. In Open forum infectious diseases(Vol. 8, No. 1, p. ofaa561). US: Oxford University Press.
  11. Amara, P. S., Naveed, Z., Wichman, C. S., Fox, H. S., & Baccaglini, L. (2021). Neurocognitive impairment and health-related quality of life among people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). PloS one, 16(4), e0248802.
  12. Lloyd, A. R., Savage, R., & Eaton, E. F. (2021). Opioid use disorder: a neglected human immunodeficiency virus risk in American adolescents. AIDS, 35(14), 2237-2247.
  13. Pham, N. T., Lee, J. J., Pham, N. H., Phan, T. D. Q., Tran, K., Dang, H. B., ... & Ozdemir, S. (2021). The prevalence of perceived stigma and self-blame and their associations with depression, emotional well-being and social well-being among advanced cancer patients: evidence from the APPROACH cross-sectional study in Vietnam. BMC palliative care, 20(1), 1-9.
  14. Adachi, T., Yamada, K., Fujino, H., Enomoto, K., & Shibata, M. (2021). Associations between anger and chronic primary pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Pain.
  15. Kline, N. K., Berke, D. S., Rhodes, C. A., Steenkamp, M. M., & Litz, B. T. (2021). Self-blame and PTSD following sexual assault: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of interpersonal violence, 36(5-6), NP3153-NP3168.
  16. Kochaki Amirhendeh, M., Karbalayi, A., Sabet, M. The Mediating Role of Anger Rumination and Self-Criticism Rumination in Relationship between Disaffection and Marital Violence. Thoughts and Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 2017; 12(43): 47-56.
  17. Karimi, E., Mohammadi, N., Rahimi, C. Effectiveness of Self Compassion Group Training on Self Criticism and Cognitive Behavioral Avoidance in Depressed Adolescents. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2020; 11(4): 23-32. doi: 10.22075/jcp.2020.18969.1752
  18. Rahmati Najarkalai Fatemeh, Niknami Shamsuddin, Amin Shokravi Farkhandeh, Ravari Ali. HIV/AIDS patients' experiences of social stigma: a qualitative study. Qualitative research in health sciences 1391;1(2):71-80. Available from: https://sid.ir/paper/215530/fa.( persian)
  19. Nayyer, F., & Batool, I. (2021). Translation and cross language validation of human immunodeficiency virus stigma scale in a Pakistani context. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 1-10.
  20. Johnson, M. C., Chung, R., Leung, S. Y. J., Edelstein, Z., Yuan, Y., & Flavin, S. M. (2021). Combating stigma through HIV self-testing: New York State's HIV Home Test Giveaway Program for sexual minorities. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice.
  21. Surratt, H. L., Otachi, J. K., McLouth, C. J., & Vundi, N. (2021). Healthcare stigma and HIV risk among rural people who inject drugs. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 226, 108878.
  22. Logie, C.H., Okumu, M., Kibuuka Musoke, D., Hakiza, R., Mwima, S., Kyambadde, P., ... & Baral, S. (2021). Intersecting stigma and HIV testing practices among urban refugee adolescents and youth in Kampala, Uganda: qualitative findings. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 24(3), e25674.
  23. Arabi S. Social Stigma COVID-19 More Dangerous COVID-19 Pandemic. Faṣlnāmah-i akhlāq-i pizishkī i.e., Quarterly Journal of Medical Ethics. 2021; 15(46): e8.
  24. Akbarinejhad H, Faroughi P. Comparison of the Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Logotherapy on the Psychological Well-being and Death Anxiety of Women with AIDS. Qom Univ Med Sci J 2021; 14 (11) :48-60
  25. Young, J.; Klosko, J.; Vishar, M. (2003). Schema therapy (a practical guide for clinicians). The first volume. (Translated by Hassan Hamidpour and Zahra Indoz, 2018). Tehran: Arjamand Publication. P.: 14-18.Peeters N, van Passel B, Krans J. The effectiveness of schema therapy for patients with anxiety disorders, OCD, or PTSD: A systematic review and research agenda. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2022 Sep;61(3):579-97.
  26. Fox, J., Cattani, K., & Burlingame, G. M. (2021). Compassion focused therapy in a university counseling and psychological services center: A feasibility trial of a new standardized group manual. Psychotherapy Research, 31(4), 419-431.
  27. Lucre, K., & Clapton, N. (2021). The Compassionate Kitbag: A creative and integrative approach to compassion‐focused therapy. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 94, 497-516.
  28. Gilbert, P. (2014). The origins and nature of compassion focused therapy. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53(1), 6-41.
  29. Thompson, R., & Zuroff, D. C. (2004). The Levels of Self-Criticism Scale: comparative self- criticism and internalized self-criticism. Personality and individual differences, 36(2), 419-430.
  30. Shariati Maryam, Hamid Najmeh, Hashemi Seydasmail, Beshlideh Kiyomarth, Marashi Seyed Ali. The effectiveness of compassion-based therapy on depression and self-criticism of female students. Knowledge and research in applied psychology [Internet]. 2015;17(1 (63 series)):43-50. Available from: https://sid.ir/paper/163588/fa
  31. Hosseini Mehr, N; Khazri Moghadam, N.; and Pour Ehsan, S. (1400). The effectiveness of compassion-based education on social self-efficacy, distress tolerance and self-criticism in adolescent girls under the supervision of welfare organization. Journal of Positive Psychology, 7(2), 33-48saeidi A, Malihi Al-Zakerini S, Ahadi M, Sarami Foroushani G, Sirafi M R. THE MEDIATING ROLE OF PERCEIVED STRESS IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIMENSIONS OF SOCIAL SUPPORT AND SELF-CARE IN PATIENTS WITH ASTHMA. Nursing and Midwifery Journal 2021; 19 (1) :20-28
  32. Salasi B, Ramezani M A, Jahan F. (2023). Investigating the efficacy of schema therapy on self-criticism and shame in addicts undergoing methadone maintenance treatment. Journal of Psychological Science. 22(121), 153-170. doi:52547/JPS.22.121.153
  33. golizadeh, D. The effectiveness of schema therapy on self-criticism and emotional self-regulation in depressed women. Journal of Modern Psychological Researches, 2022; 17(67): 219-227. doi: 10.22034/jmpr.2022.15304
  34. Irons, C., & Lad, S. (2017). Using compassion focused therapy to work with shame and self-criticism in complex trauma. Australian Clinical Psychologist, 3(1), 1743.
  35. Neff KD. Self-compassion: Theory, method, research, and intervention. Annual review of psychology. 2023 Jan 18;74:193-218.
  36. Agin-Liebes G, Nielson EM, Zingman M, Kim K, Haas A, Owens LT, Rogers U, Bogenschutz M. Reports of self-compassion and affect regulation in psilocybin-assisted therapy for alcohol use disorder: An interpretive phenomenological analysis. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. 2023 Jun 5.
  37. Devoisin-Lagarde, C., Trémolière, B., Charbonnier, E., & Caparos, S. (2022). Effects of a Cognitive Schema Account on the Stigma of Schizophrenia: A Study in a French University Student Sample. The American Journal of Psychology, 135(3), 287-300.
  38. Kassaw, C., Sisay, D., Awulachew, E., & Endashaw Hareru, H. (2022). Perceived Stigma and Its Association with Gender and Disclosure Status among People Living with HIV/AIDS and Attending Antiretroviral Therapy Clinics in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. AIDS research and treatment, 2022, 3246249.
  39. Bachrach N, Rijkeboer MM, Arntz A, Huntjens RJ. Schema therapy for Dissociative Identity Disorder: a case report. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2023 Apr 21;14:1151872.
Medical Journal of Mashhad university of Medical Sciences
Volume 67, Issue 4
May and June 2024
Pages 1275-1288

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics