Introduction: The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of cognitive behavioral therapy on stress in mothers of ADHD children and hyperactivity symptoms in children with ADHD. Methods: The research method was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this study consisted of mothers of ADHD children in Semnan in the first 4 months of 1403. According to the research design (quasi-experimental), the statistical sample was selected from among volunteers and according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria and was randomly assigned to two experimental groups (15 people) and control groups (15 people). The research tools included the stress scale by Cohen, Kamarc, and Mermelstein (1983) and the parent form of the Connors Questionnaire (1998) to investigate the hyperactivity symptoms in children with ADHD. The cognitive behavioral therapy protocol used in this study was adapted from White (2001). Data analysis was performed using multivariate analysis of covariance using SPSS version 25 software. Results: The results showed that cognitive behavioral therapy is effective on stress and hyperactivity symptoms in ADHD children (p<0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of the study, it can be said that cognitive behavioral therapy is effective in reducing parental stress and hyperactivity symptoms in ADHD children. It is suggested that more research be conducted in this direction to increase the external validity of the study.
Retz, W. (2021). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and psychopathy in adults. In A. R. Felthous & H. Saß (Eds.), The Wiley international handbook on psychopathic disorders and the law: Diagnosis and treatment (pp. 533–544). Wiley Blackwell
Anastopoulos, A. D., & Beal, K. K. (2020). Assessment and diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In M. M. Martel (Ed.), The clinical guide to assessment and treatment of childhood learning and attention problems (pp. 33–53). Elsevier Academic Press.
Uvais, N.A., Aziz, F., & Hafeeq, B. (2020). COVID-19-related stigma and perceived stress among dialysis staff. Journal Nephrol, 2 (6), 11-25.
Theule, J., Wiener, J., Rogers, M. A., & Marton, I. (2011). Predicting parenting stress in families of children with ADHD: Parent and contextual factors. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 20, 640–647.
Theule, J., Wiener, J., Rannock, R., & Jenkins, J. M. (2013). Parenting stress in families of children with ADHD: a meta-analysis. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 21, 3–17.
Harold, G. T., Leve, L. D., Barrett, D., Elam, K., Neiderhiser, J. M., Natsuaki, M. N., ... & Thapar, A. (2013). Biological and rearing mother influences on child ADHD symptoms: revisiting the developmental interface between nature and nurture. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(10), 1038-1046.
Whalen, C. K., Jamner, L. D., Henker, B., Delfino, R. J., & Lozano, J. M. (2002). The ADHD spectrum and everyday life: Experience sampling of adolescent moods, activities, smoking, and drinking. Child development, 73(1), 209-227.
Primack, B. A., Hendricks, K. M., Longacre, M. R., Adachi-Mejia, A. M., Weiss, J. E., Titus, L. J., ... & Dalton, M. A. (2012). Parental efficacy and child behavior in a community sample of children with and without attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders, 4, 189-197.
Wiener, J., Biondic, D., Grimbos, T., & Herbert, M. (2016). Parenting stress of parents of adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 44, 561-574.
Lee, L. C., Harrington, R. A., Louie, B. B., & Newschaffer, C. J. (2008). Children with autism: Quality of life and parental concerns. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 38, 1147-1160.
Lam AK, Ho TP. Early adolescent outcome of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in a Chinese population: 5-year follow-up study. Hong Kong Medical Journal. 2010 Aug 1;16(4):257.
Shur-Fen Gau, S. (2007). Parental and family factors for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in Taiwanese children. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 41(8), 688-696
Moseley, R. L., Turner-Cobb, J. M., Spahr, C. M., Shields, G. S., & Slavich, G. M. (2021). Lifetime and perceived stress, social support, loneliness, and health in autistic adults. Health Psychology, 40 (8), 556–568.
Sheppard-Jones, K., Ayers, K., Kleinert, H., Li, J., Moseley, E., & Adams, C. (2022). Perceived stress of individuals with disabilities in the United States during COVID-19. Rehabilitation Psychology, 67 (4), 526–534
Yang, X., Xiong, Z., Li, Z., Li, X., Xiang, W., Yuan, Y., & Li, Z. (2020). Perceived psychological stress and associated factors in the early stages of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic: Evidence from the general Chinese population. PLoS ONE, 15 (12), Article e0243605.
Leader, G., Dooley, E., Whelan, S., Gilroy, S. P., Chen, J. L., Farren Barton, A., Coyne, R., & Mannion, A. (2022). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms, sleep problems, challenging behavior, adaptive behavior, and quality of life in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 25 (4), 217–228.
Singer, G. H., Ethridge, B. L., & Aldana, S. I. (2007). Primary and secondary effects of parenting and stress management interventions for parents of children with developmental disabilities: A meta‐analysis. Mental retardation and developmental disabilities research reviews, 13(4), 357-369.
Chronis, A. M., Gamble, S. A., Roberts, J. E., & Pelham Jr, W. E. (2006). Cognitive-behavioral depression treatment for mothers of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Behavior therapy, 37(2), 143-158.
Ha, E. H., & Oh, K. J. (2006). Effects of cognitive-behavioral group therapy for depressive mothers of children with behavior problems. Child & family behavior therapy, 28(2), 1-13.
White CA. Cognitive behaviour therapy for chronic medical problems: a guide to assessment and treatment in practice. Chichester, New York: John Wiley; 2001.
Farahzadi M, Madahi ME, Khalatbari J. Comparison the effectiveness of group therapy based on acceptance and commitment and cognitive-behavioral group therapy on the body image dissatisfaction and interpersonal sensitivity in women with the body image dissatisfaction. Research in Clinical Psychology and Counseling. 2017;7(2):69–89. [Persian]
Wong DF, Ng TK, Ip PS, Chung ML, Choi J. Evaluating the effectiveness of a group CBT for parents of ADHD children. Journal of Child and Family Studies. 2018 Jan;27:227-39.
Parand A, Afrooz G, Mansoor M, Yekta MS, Besharat M, Khooshabi K. Developing stress management program for mothers of children with ADHD and its effectiveness on their mental health. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2010 Jan 1;5:1135-9.
Amel AK, Amel SK, Erfan A. Effectiveness of parents-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms, obesity and self-esteem of overweight children with attention deficient hyperactivity disorder. Advanced biomedical research. 2018 Jan 1;7(1):73.
Gould KL, Porter M, Lyneham HJ, Hudson JL. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for children with anxiety and comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2018 Jul 1;57(7):481-90.
Aghai, H. (2024). The effect of cognitive behavioral therapy on stress in mothers of ADHD children and hyperactivity symptoms in children with ADHD. Medical Journal of Mashhad university of Medical Sciences, 67(2), 717-724. doi: 10.22038/mjms.2024.25620
MLA
Aghai, H. . "The effect of cognitive behavioral therapy on stress in mothers of ADHD children and hyperactivity symptoms in children with ADHD", Medical Journal of Mashhad university of Medical Sciences, 67, 2, 2024, 717-724. doi: 10.22038/mjms.2024.25620
HARVARD
Aghai, H. (2024). 'The effect of cognitive behavioral therapy on stress in mothers of ADHD children and hyperactivity symptoms in children with ADHD', Medical Journal of Mashhad university of Medical Sciences, 67(2), pp. 717-724. doi: 10.22038/mjms.2024.25620
CHICAGO
H. Aghai, "The effect of cognitive behavioral therapy on stress in mothers of ADHD children and hyperactivity symptoms in children with ADHD," Medical Journal of Mashhad university of Medical Sciences, 67 2 (2024): 717-724, doi: 10.22038/mjms.2024.25620
VANCOUVER
Aghai, H. The effect of cognitive behavioral therapy on stress in mothers of ADHD children and hyperactivity symptoms in children with ADHD. Medical Journal of Mashhad university of Medical Sciences, 2024; 67(2): 717-724. doi: 10.22038/mjms.2024.25620