The effect of corrective exercises, virtual and mixed reality on postural control and pronation in adolescents with flexible flat feet

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Master's degree in Pathology and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran.

2 Associate Professor Department of Sport Sciences and Health , Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

3 Assistant Professor Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, faculty of physical education, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrud, Semnan,Iran

References

  1. Zolfeghary M, Roshani S, Mohammad Ali Nasab Firouzjah E. Effect of Eight Weeks of Corrective Exercises on Navicular Drop, Proprioception, and Balance in 10–13-Year-Old Girls with Flat Foot with and Without Genu Valgum: A Clinical Trial Study. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. 2025;24(3):215-27.
  2. Brijwasi T, Borkar P. A comprehensive exercise program improves foot alignment in people with flexible flat foot: a randomised trial. Journal of physiotherapy. 2023;69(1):42-6.
  3. Ketabchi J, Seidi F, Haghighat S, Falsone S, Moghadas-Tabrizi Y, Khoshroo F. Differential effects of intrinsic-versus extrinsic-first corrective exercise programs on morphometric outcomes and navicular drop in pediatric flatfoot. Scientific Reports. 2024;14(1):31393.
  4. Hooshmand Far F, Ebrahimi Atri A, Shahtahmassebi B, Bambeichi S. Comparison of Corrective Exercises with Xbox Kinect Exercises on Static and Dynamic Balance in Teenage Girls with Flat Feet Deformity. Journal of Paramedical Sciences & Rehabilitation. 2024;13(3):22-31.
  5. Kalahrodi OG, Piri H, Ebrahimi E. The Effect of Eight Weeks of Corrective Games on the Functional Assessment, Navicular Drop Index, and Balance in Male Students Aged 9 to 12 with Flexible Flatfoot. Journal of Clinical Research in Paramedical Sciences. 2025;14(14).
  6. Golchini A, Rahnama N, Lotfi-Foroushani M. Effect of systematic corrective exercises on the static and dynamic balance of patients with pronation distortion syndrome: A randomized controlled clinical trial study. International Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2021;12(1):129.
  7. Okamura K, Fukuda K, Oki S, Ono T, Tanaka S, Kanai S. Effects of plantar intrinsic foot muscle strengthening exercise on static and dynamic foot kinematics: A pilot randomized controlled single-blind trial in individuals with pes planus. Gait & posture. 2020;75:40-5.
  8. Mousavi A, Arabmomeni A. The Effects of Three Comprehensive Corrective Exercise Protocols on the Correction of Flexible Flat Foot in Boy Students with Overweight. J Ardabil Univ Med Sci. 2021;21(2):157-70.
  9. Arabmomeni A, Mousavi SA. Effectiveness of Corrective Exercises Based the National Academy of Sports Medicine’s Protocol in Correcting Flexible Flatfoot and Postural Control in Male High School Students With Overweight. Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2022;9(4):376-89.
  10. Kazemi Pakdel F, Sedaghati P. The Effect of Corrective Exercises on the Foot Posture and Balance in Female Karate Athletes With Flat Foot. The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2023;12(1):114-31.
  11. Şahan TY, Arslan SA, Demirci C, Oktaş B, Sertel M. Comparison of short-term effects of virtual reality and short foot exercises in pes planus. The Foot. 2021;47:101778.
  12. Kim K, Choi B, Lim W. The efficacy of virtual reality assisted versus traditional rehabilitation intervention on individuals with functional ankle instability: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology. 2019;14(3):276-80.
  13. Neri SG, Cardoso JR, Cruz L, Lima RM, De Oliveira RJ, Iversen MD, et al. Do virtual reality games improve mobility skills and balance measurements in community-dwelling older adults? Systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Rehabilitation. 2017;31(10):1292-304.
  14. Kamińska MS, Miller A, Rotter I, Szylińska A, Grochans E. The effectiveness of virtual reality training in reducing the risk of falls among elderly people. Clinical interventions in aging. 2018:2329-38.
  15. De Natale G, Qorri E, Todri J, Lena O. Impact of Virtual Reality Alone and in Combination with Conventional Therapy on Balance in Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review with a Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Medicina. 2025;61(3):524.
  16. Zuil-Escobar JC, Martínez-Cepa CB, Martín-Urrialde JA, Gómez-Conesa A. Evaluating the medial longitudinal arch of the foot: correlations, reliability, and accuracy in people with a low arch. Physical therapy. 2019;99(3):364-72.
  17. Plisky P, Schwartkopf-Phifer K, Huebner B, Garner MB, Bullock G. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the Y-balance test lower quarter: reliability, discriminant validity, and predictive validity. International journal of sports physical therapy. 2021;16(5):1190.
  18. Plisky PJ, Gorman PP, Butler RJ, Kiesel KB, Underwood FB, Elkins B. The reliability of an instrumented device for measuring components of the star excursion balance test. North American journal of sports physical therapy: NAJSPT. 2009;4(2):92.
  19. Kalantariyan M, Rahmani N, Samadi H. The effects of TRX-based movement pattern correction exercises on the landing biomechanics and balance of female volleyball players susceptible to knee injuries. Journal of Sport Biomechanics. 2023;9(2):112-27.
  20. Curnow D, Cobbin D, Wyndham J. Reliability of the stork test: is starting stance important? Chiropractic Journal of Australia. 2010;40(4):137-41.
  21. Lee J, Yu J, Hong J, Lee D, Kim J, Kim S, editors. The effect of augmented reality-based proprioceptive training program on balance, positioning sensation and flexibility in healthy young adults: a randomized controlled trial. Healthcare; 2022: MDPI.
  22. Park D-J, Hwang Y-I. Comparison of the intrinsic foot muscle activities between therapeutic and three-dimensional foot-ankle exercises in healthy adults: An explanatory study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;17(19):7189.
  23. de Souza TMM, de Oliveira Coutinho VG, Tessutti VD, de Oliveira NRC, Yi LC. Effects of intrinsic foot muscle strengthening on the medial longitudinal arch mobility and function: A systematic review. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. 2023;36:89-99.
  24. Kantha P, Hsu W-L, Chen P-J, Tsai Y-C, Lin J-J. A novel balance training approach: Biomechanical study of virtual reality-based skateboarding. Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology. 2023;11:1136368.
  25. Hoang N-T-T, Chen S, Chou L-W. The impact of foot orthoses and exercises on pain and navicular drop for adult flatfoot: A network meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021;18(15):8063.
  26. Kachouri H, Jouira G, Laatar R, Borji R, Rebai H, Sahli S. Different types of combined training programs to improve postural balance in single and dual tasks in children with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities. 2024;28(1):225-39.
Medical Journal of Mashhad university of Medical Sciences
Volume 68, Issue 5
November and December 2025
Pages 1617-1628

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics