Comparison of the effectiveness of brain electrical stimulation of the skull and cognitive-behavioral therapy on the beliefs of people with obsessive-compulsive disorder

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Psychology, Khuzestan Pardis Science and Research Campus,Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran. Department of Psychology, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran.

2 Department of Psychology, Ahvaz branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran.

3 Department of Psychology, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran.

4 Department of Psychology, Roodehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roodehen, Iran.

Abstract

ABSTRACT
Introduction: Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a chronic and refractory psychiatric neuropsychiatric disorder that often develops in childhood and leads to significant problems in the long-term. Cognitive-behavioral therapy was based on obsessive-compulsive beliefs and depression in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder in Tehran.
Methods: Thirty individuals were selected from the statistical population based on non-random sampling and were divided into two experimental and one control group. There were 10 patients in each group. The research design was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest with control group. Research participants responded to the Obsessive-Compulsive Beliefs Questionnaire (2011) and Beck Depression Inventory (1972). Data were analyzed using one-way covariance analysis (ANCOVA) and multivariate analysis of covariance (Mankova).
Results: The results showed that both brain electrical stimulation therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy, respectively, reduced obsessive-compulsive beliefs and depression in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Conclusion: Among the two methods of brain electrical stimulation of the skull and cognitive-behavioral therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy was more effective in reducing obsessive beliefs than electrical stimulation of the brain. But it has been shown to be more effective in reducing depression than electrical stimulation of the brain.

Keywords


 Abramowitz, J. S, & Arach, J.J. (2014). Strategies for improving Long term outcomes in cognitive behavioral
therapy for obsessive – compulsive disorder: insights from learning theory. Journal Of Cognitive And
Behavioral Practice, 21 (1), 20-31.
 Abrantes, A. M., Brown, R. A., Strong, D. R., McLaughlin, N., Garnaat, S. L., Mancebo, M., ... & Greenberg,
B. D. (2017). A pilot randomized controlled trial of aerobic exercise as an adjunct to OCD treatment. General
hospital psychiatry, 49, 51-55.
 Alice. Albert McLaren. Catherine (1385), rational behavioral therapy, translation by Mehrdad Firuz Bakht.
Tehran. Publications: Rasa, 14. (Persian).
 American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Psychiatric Disorders (DSM-5).
(1393). Translation of Rezaee, Farzin, Fakhraei, Ali, Farmand, Atoosa, Niloufari, Ali, Hashemi Azar, Janet
and Shamloo, Farhad, fifth edition, Arjomand Publication, Tehran. (Persian).
 Ayat Mehr, Fatemeh, Mohammad Khani, Shahram, Hassan Abad, Hamid Reza, Sadeghpour, Saman. (1395).
Comparison of the effectiveness of metacognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies in reducing the
symptoms of forced cooking, anxiety and depression, Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry, 3 (1), 26-43.
(Persian).
Baraghoosh. Narges. Sohrabi. Faramarz., Eskandari. Hossein, and Borjali. Ahmad. (1395). Comparison of selfconscious excitements and rejection sensation in atypical and melancholic depressed individuals. Master's
thesis. Allameh Tabatabaei University. Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences. 15-16. (Persian).
 Basaknezhad. Sudabeh, Hatami Sarberzah. Masoumeh, and Zargar. Yad-o-allah. (1392). The Effectiveness of
Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy on the Confidence of Thought-Action Blend of Thoughts and Guilt in
Students. Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 7 (1); 7-12. (Persian).
 Bloch, M. H., Landeros-Weisenberger, A., Rosario, M. C., Pittenger, C., & Leckman, J. F. (2010). Metaanalysis of the symptom structure of obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(12),
1532-1542.
 Boggio, P. S., Zaghi, S., & Fregni, F. (2009). Modulation of emotions associated with images of human pain
using anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Neuropsychologia, 47(1), 212-217.
 Brunoni. A. Nitsche. M. Colleen. L. (2016). Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation In Neuropsychiatric
Disorders. Springer International Publishing Switzerland, 14.
 Brunoni. A. Nitsche. M. Colleen. L. (2016). Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation In Neuropsychiatric
Disorders. Springer International Publishing Switzerland.
 Chamberlain, S. R., Blackwell, A. D., Fineberg, N. A., Robbins, T. W., & Sahakian, B. J. (2005). The
neuropsychology of obsessive compulsive disorder: the importance of failures in cognitive and behavioural
inhibition as candidate endophenotypic markers. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 29(3), 399-419.
 D’Urso, G. Brunoni, A. R. Anastasia, A. Micillo, M. de Bartolomeis, A. & Mantovani, A. (2018). Polaritydependent effects of transcranial direct current stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neurocase,
22(1), 60-64.
 Dadashi, Mahboubeh, Bulhari, Jafar, Malakouti, Kazem and Baian zadeh, Akbar. (1395), Survey of ObsessiveCompulsive Disorder Symptoms, Thoughts and Behavior, 1 and 2, 42-27. (Persian).
 Dalir. Mojtaba, Alipour, Ahmad., Zare. Hossein, Vali-O- Allah. Farzad. (1394). Comparison of the
effectiveness of cognitive bias adjustment, its interpretation and its combination with cognitive-behavioral
group therapy in decreasing the severity of symptoms, beliefs and obsessive behaviors, Journal of
Psychological Achievements (Educational Sciences and Psychology), Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz,
22 (4); 1-24. (Persian).
 Dupuy, M., Rouillon, F., & Bvngener, C. (2013). The role of inhibition in obsessional-compulsive disorder.
Encep, 39(1), 44-50.
 Fineberg, NA. Apergis-Schoute, AM. Vaghi, MM. Banca, P. Gillon, CM. Voon, V. & et al. (2018). Mapping
compulsivity in the DSM-V obsessive domains neural circuitry and treatment, Int J Neuropsychopharmacol,
21(1), 42-58.
 Freeman, J. B., Garcia. E. M. (2009). Family Treatment of Obsessive in children, Translated by: Dalir,
Mojtaba. (1392), Arjmand Publication, Tehran, 187. (Persian).
 Ghaffari, AR., (2018). Medication management of obsessive compulsive disorder in children hudan, R.,
Dougherty, DD., (ED). Clinical obsessive compulsive disorder in adults and children. Cambridge University
Press, 92-101.
 Ghaffari, H., Yoonessi, A., Darvishi, M. J., & Ahmadi, A. (2018). Normal Electrical Activity of the Brain in
Obsessive-Compulsive Patients After Anodal Stimulation of the Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex. Basic and
Clinical Neuroscience, 9(2), 135-146.
 Ghaffari, H., Yoonessi, A., Darvishi, M. J., & Ahmadi, A. (2018). Normal Electrical Activity of the Brain in
Obsessive-Compulsive Patients After Anodal Stimulation of the Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex. Basic and
Clinical Neuroscience, 9(2), 135-146.
 Ghazi Moradi. Hasan. (1394). In praise of shame. Sociology of Shame in Iran. Publisher Akhtaran, 81.
(Persian).
 Hashemi, Giti and Hekmaty, Narges. (1386). Comparison of obsessive-compulsive beliefs in obsessivecompulsive and other anxiety disorders with control group, recent cognitive science, 2, 65-53. (Persian).
 Kameli, Samaneh, Hossein Pour Moghaddam, Samira, Zandi Pour, Tayyebeh, Ghasemzadeh, Reza. (1392),
Improvement of mental health of obsessive-compulsive women through cognitive-behavioral group therapy,
Medical System of Islamic Republic of Iran, 4, 338-329. (Persian).
 Karabetri, R. & Ghoogs, W. (2014). Frequency-dependent electrical stimulation of the visual cortex. Current
Biology, 18(23), 1839-1843.
 Kekic, M, boysen. Campbell, c. Schmidt, u. (2018). A systematic review of the clinical efficacy of the
transcranial direct current stimulation (tdcs) in psychiatric disorders. Jornal of psychiatric reserch.12-18
Klimke, A., Nitsche, M. A., Maurer, K., & Voss, U. (2016). Case report: successful treatment of therapyresistant OCD with application of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS). Brain Stimulation:
Basic, Translational, and Clinical Research in Neuromodulation, 9(3), 463-465.
 Klimke, A., Nitsche, M. A., Maurer, K., & Voss, U. (2016). Case report: successful treatment of therapyresistant OCD with application of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS). Brain Stimulation:
Basic, Translational, and Clinical Research in Neuromodulation, 9(3), 463-465.
 Liu-Thwaites, N., & Thomasson, R. (2015). Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Psychiatry: Breaking the
ICE Introductions, Common Tasks, Emergencies for Trainees, 353.
 Miller, C. H., & Hedges, D. W. (2008). Scrupulosity disorder: An overview and introductory analysis. Journal
of Anxiety Disorders, 22(6), 1042-1058.
 Movahed, F. S., Goradel, J. A., Pouresmali, A., & Mowlaie, M. (2018). Effectiveness of Transcranial Direct
Current Stimulation on Worry, Anxiety, and Depression in Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized,
Single-Blind Pharmacotherapy and Sham-Controlled Clinical Trial. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and
Behavioral Sciences, (In Press), 39-42.
 Naziri, Ghasem, Dadfar, Mahboobeh, Karimi Kasimi, Essa. (1393), the role of religious attachments,
ineffective religious beliefs, guilty feelings and ineffective cognitive beliefs in the severity of obsessivecompulsive symptoms, Asil, 9, and 10, 59-52. (Persian).
 Naziri.,Ghasem., Birshak, Behrouz. (1381). Selective bias toward indications related to guilty feelings in the
process of compilation of obsessive-compulsive patients, Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology of
Iran. 8 (1); 61-69. (Persian).
 Nourian, Milad and Rezaei Dowlatsahi, Gholamreza. (1395). Comparison of the efficacy of cognitive
rehabilitation protocols based on computerized homework assignments with and without electromagnetic
transaxle stimulation in improving the executive functions of patients with stroke, MSc thesis, Ministry of
Science and Research and Technology, Shahid Madani University of Azarbaijan, Faculty of Psychology and
Educational Sciences, 28. (Persian).
 Nowakowska‐Domagała, K., Chodkiewicz, J., Ziółkowski, M., Czarnecki, D., Gąsior, K., Juczyński, A., &
Biedrzycka, A. (2016). The Polish Version of the Yale‐Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale, Modified to
Reflect Obsessions and Compulsions Related to Heavy Drinking (YBOCS‐hd‐PL). Alcoholism: Clinical and
Experimental Research, 40(2), 401-407.
 Okasha, A., Rafaat, M., Mahallawy, N., Nahas, G. E., Dawla, A. S. E., Sayed, M., & Kholi, S. E. (2000).
Cognitive dysfunction in obses, 17-19.
 Olatunji, B. O. Davis, M. L. Powers, M. B. Smits, J.A.J. (2013). Effectiveness of Transcranial Direct Current
Stimulation on Worry, Anxiety, and Depression in Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, SingleBlind Pharmacotherapy and Sham-Controlled Clinical Trial. Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
17-21.
 Politis, S. Magklara, K. Petrikis, P. Michalis, G. Simos, G. & Skapinakis, P. (2017). Epidemiology and
comorbidity of obsessive–compulsive disorder in late adolescence: a cross-sectional study in senior high
schools in Greece. International journal of psychiatry in clinical practice, 21(3), 188-194.
 Pourfaraj Omran. Majid., Hashemi. Touraj., Khanjani. Touraj. (1391). Comparing sense of responsibility and
thought-action blend in patients with obsessive-compulsive anxiety. New Cognitive Science. 14 (56); 49-56.
(Persian).
 Rezaanjad Asl, Amin. Essa zadegan, Ali and Mikaeli, Farzaneh. (1395), Impact of neurological manipulation
of prefrontal-posterior cortex on lack of cognitive flexibility, Urmia University, Department of Psychology,
Faculty of Educational Sciences, Shafa Khatam, 4 (2), 1-10. (Persian).
 Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A. (2015). Kaplan and Sadock's concise textbook of child and adolescent psychiatry.
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
 Sadock, BJ., Sadock, VA. (2015). Kaplan & sadocks synopsis of psychiatry (25th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters
Kluwer, pp: 418-426.
 Seasakht. Shohreh., And Ramezani. Khosrow. (1396). Effects of direct electrical stimulation of the brain from
the skull over mental health of veterans with devotees with mental disorders. Healing Khatam, 5 (2); 37-42.
(Persian).
 Seasakht. Shohreh., And Ramezani. Khosrow. (1396). Effects of direct electrical stimulation of the brain from
the skull over mental health of veterans with devotees with mental disorders. Healing Khatam, 5 (2); 37-42.
(Persian).
 Segal, zv., Williams, JM., Teasdal, JD. (2002). Nindfulness based stress reduction on medical students. Jornal
of Behavior medicin, 21, 581-599.
Sohauz, N., Downham, R., Turman, B., Kropotov, J., Clark, R., Yumash, R., & Szatmary, A. (2018). Working
memory training with tDCS improves behavioral and neurophysiological symptoms in pilot group with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and with poor working memory. Neurocase, 21(3), 271.
 Tanehkar. Mohsen. (1388). Get rid of guilty feelings. Publications: Nejabat, 33. (Persian).
 Toloee, Sahar, Rahnama. Leila, Karimi, Nour-ALdine, Abdollahi. Iraj, and Jaberzadeh, Shapur. (1395). Study
of the effect of brain stimulation or unilateral direct flow on two parts of the primary and secondary pharyngeal
cortex on upper extremity function of Mittal patients in acute stroke. Master's thesis, University of Social
Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy, 23-21. (Persian).
 Valizadeh, R., Shohani, M., & Tavan, H. (2018). Effectiveness of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for
the Reduction of Symptoms in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder Admitted to Public, Educational, and
Private Hospitals in Ilam, Iran. Archives of Neuroscience, 5(1).
 Wattie, B. (2003). The importance of mental health of children [On-line]. Available:
http://www.sciencedirect.com.
 Wolkenstein, L., & Plewnia, C. (2013). Amelioration of cognitive control in depression by transcranial direct
current stimulation. Biological psychiatry, 73(7), 646-651.