Medical Journal of Mashhad university of Medical Sciences

Medical Journal of Mashhad university of Medical Sciences

Comparison of Interval and Continuous Training on Growth Differentiation Factor 15, Pancreatic beta cell function and insulin resistance in Women with Type 2 Diabetes

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors
Laleh Naderi 1
Jamshid Banaei Borojeni 2
Mehdi Kargarfard 3
Saied Keshavarz 2
1 PhD student,Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran.
2 Assistant professor, Sport Medicine Research Center, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad.Iran
3 Professor, Department of Exercise Physiology,faculty of sport sciences, University of Isfahan, Iran
10.22038/mjms.2021.18500
Abstract
Introduction: Exercise increases glucose intake and is an effective way to control diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of interval and continuous exercise on GDF-15, pancreatic beta cell function and insulin resistance in women with type 2 diabetes.
Materials and Methods: 45 women with type 2 diabetes with a mean age of 38.69±3.11 and fasting blood sugar of 9.78±1.25 mmol/l were randomly divided into three groups: continuous exercise, interval exercise and control. Continuous exercise consisted of twelve weeks, 3 sessions per week from 50 to 75% of maximum heart rate. Interval exercise continued from 75 to 90% of maximal heart rate. Sampling was performed before and after the intervention. Dependent t-test was used to compare within-group changes and analysis of covariance was used to compare between groups.
Results: According to the statistical results, in the continuous group, a significant decrease was seen in the post-test compared to the pre-test, and in the interval group, an increase in the level of GDF-15 was observed. There was a significant difference between the mean insulin resistance in the pre-test and post-test periods in the continuous and interval groups compared to the control group. In the continuous and interval groups, there was a significant difference between the mean performance of beta cells in the pre- and post-period periods compared to the control group (P= 0.05).
Conclusion: Performing a period of continuous and interval exercise is effective in improving beta cell function, blood glucose Reduction and improving insulin resistance.
Keywords
Interval training
Continuous training
Growth differentiation factor 15
Pancreatic beta cells
Insulin resistance
  1. Ansari S, Djalali M, Mohammadzadeh Honarvar
    N, Mazaherioun M, Zarei M, Gholampour Z.
    Assessing the effect of omega-3 fatty acids
    supplementation on serum BDNF (brain derived
    neurotrophic factor) in patients with type 2
    diabetes: a randomized, double-blinهd, placebocontrolled study. IRJABS. 2016; 10(4): 380-3. [In
    Persian]
    2. Fontana L, Klein S, Holloszy J. "Effects of longterm calorie restriction and endurance exercise on
    glucose tolerance, insulin action, and adipokine
    production". 2010; 32(1), PP:97-108.
    3. Rezaee SR, Hossini F. Comparison of the effect of
    continuous and intermittent aerobic training on
    visfatin and insulin resistance plasma levels in
    obese males. Journal of Mining and Environment,
    2013; 3(1):47-58. [In Persian]
    4. Honardost M, Sarukhani M, Arefian Y.
    Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance, Qazvin Journal
    of Medical Sciences, 2013;18 (5): 64-57. [In
    Persian]
    5. Pinent M, Castell A, Baiges I, Montagut G, ArolaL,
    Ardevol A. Bioactivity of flavonoids oninsulinsecreting cells. Comprehensive Reviews in Food
    Science and Food Safety 2008; 7: 299-308.
  2. 6. Király MA, Bates HE, Kaniuk NA, Yue JT, Brumell
    JH, Matthews SG, et al. Swim training prevents
    hyperglycemia in ZDF rats: mechanisms involved in
    the partial maintenance of beta-cell function.
    American Journal of Physiology Endocrinology
    Metabolism 2008; 294 (2): E271-831.
    7. Teodoro JS, Gomes AP, Varela AT, Duarte FV,
    Rolo AP, Palmeira CM. Uncovering the beginning
    of diabetes: the cellular redox status and oxidative
    stress as starting players in hyperglycemic damage.
    Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 376: 103110.
    8. Verges B.Lipid modification in type 2 diabetes: the
    role of LDL and HDL, Fundam Clin Pharmacol,
    2009; 23(3):681-685.
    9. Boulogne M, Sadoune M, Launay JM, et
    al.Inflammation versus mechanical stretch
    biomarkers over time in acutely decompensated
    heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, Int J
    Cardiol, 2017; 226: 53–59.
    10. Li J, Yang L, Qin W, Zhang G, Yuan J and Wang
    F. Adaptive induction of growth differentiation
    factor 15 attenuates endothelial cell apoptosis in
    response to high glucose stimulus, PLoS ONE,
    2013;8(6):Article ID e65549.
    11. Rawal LB, Tapp RJ, Williams ED, Chan C, Yasin
    S, Oldenburg B. Prevention of type 2 diabetes and
    its complications in developing countries: a review.
    Int J Behav Med 2012; 19:121-33.
    12. Okada S, Hiuge A, Makino H, Nagumo A, Takaki
    H, Konishi H, et al. Effect of exercise intervention
    on endothelial function and incidence of
    cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2
    diabetes, Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis,
    2010;17(8):828-33.
    13. Chavanelle V, Boisseau N, Otero YF, Combaret L,
    Dardevet D, et al. Effects of high-intensity interval
    training and moderate-intensity continuous training
    on glycaemic control and skeletal muscle
    mitochondrial function in db/db mice, Scientific
    Reports, 2017;7(1):204.
    14. Fabian SG, Galliera E, Lombardi G, Marazzi MG,
    Grasso D, Vianello E, Pozzoni R, et al. Acute
    exercise in elite rugby players increases the
    circulating level of the cardiovascular biomarker
    GDF-15, Scand J Clin Lab Invest, 2014;74(6):492-9.
    15. Rangarz A, Mirzaei B, Rahmani Nia F. The effect
    of resistance training on serum levels of NTproBNP, GDF-15 and heart injury markers in
    elderly men, International Journal of Applied
    Exercise Physiology, 1397;8 (1): 3537-2322. [In
    Persian]
    16. Kleinert M, Clemmensen Ch, Sjoberg KA, Strini
    Ch Carl. Exercise increases circulating GDF15 in
    humans, Molecular Metabolism, 2018 9: 187-191.
    17. Munk PS, Valborgland T, Butt N, Larsen AI.
    Response of growth differentiation factor-15 to
    percutaneous coronary intervention and regular
    exercise training, Scandinavian Cardiovascular
    Journal 2011; 45(1):27-32.
    18. American Diabetes Association. Standards of
    Medical Care in Diabetes-2013. Diabetes Care
    2013; 36(1):S4-10.
    19. Salimi Avansar M. The effects of 8 weeks high
    intensity interval training on serum levels of TNFα and insulin resistance index in obese men with
    type-2 diabetes, Med J Tabriz Uni Med Sciences
    Health Services 2017;39(4):53-62. [In Persian]
    20. Cummings DM HS, Kolasa KM, Olsson J, Collier
    D. Insulin resistance status: Predicting weight
    response in overweight children. rchives of
    Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine
    2008;162(8):764-8.
    21. Moghadami K, Shabani M, Khalafi M. The effect
    of aerobic training on serum levels of Growth
    differentiation factor-15 and insulin resistance in
    elderly women with metabolic syndrome, Journal
    of Medical Science / Shahed University 2019; 27
    (6): 57-66. [In Persian]
    22. Barma M, Khan F, Price R J.G, Donnan P T, et al.
    Association between GDF-15 levels and changes in
    vascular and physical function in older patients with
    hypertension, Aging Clinical and Experimental
    Research 2017; 29:1055–1059.
    23. Moghaddasi Y, Ghazalian F, Abedian Kenari S,
    Ibrahim Kh, Abed Natanzi H. The effect of aerobic
    and resistance training on the level of blood GDF15 factors in type 1 diabetic patients, Journal of
    Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences,
    2020;30 (186): 123-132. [In Persian]
    24. Zhang H, Fealy CE, JP Kirwan. Exercise training
    promotes a GDF15-associated reduction in fat mass
    in older adults with obesity, American Journal Of
    Physiology-Endocrinology And Metabolism,2019;
    316: 829–836.
    25. Sharma A, Stevens RS, Lucas J, Fiuzat M, et al.
    Utility of Growth Differentiation Factor-15. A
    Marker of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation, in
    Chronic Heart Failure, JACC 2017; 5(10):724-734.
    26. Houmard JA, Tanner CJ, Slentz CA, Duscha BD,
    McCartney JS, Kraus WE. Effect of the volume and
    intensity of exercise training on insulin sensitivity.
    J Appl Physiol.2014; 96(1):101-6.
    27. Golpasandi H, Mirzae B, Golpasandi Sh. Glucose,
    Insulin and Growth/Differentiation Factor-15
    Serums Responses to the Acute Effects of Two
    Intermittent and Continuous Exercises in Sedentary
    Obese Males, Qazvin University of Medical
    Sciences 2019; 23 (4): 286-295.
    28. Campderros L, Sanchez-Infantes D, Villarroya J,
    Nescolarde L, et al. Altered GDF15 and FGF21
    Levels in Response to Strenuous Exercise: A Study in Marathon Runners, frontiers in physiology,
    2020;11:550102.
    29. Yalcin MM, Altinova AE, Akturk M, Gulbahar O,
    Arslan E, et al. GDF-15 and hepcidin levels in
    nonanemic patients with impaired glucose
    tolerance, Journal of Diabetes Research 2016;
    2016(27):1-5.
    30. Li J, Yang L, Qin W, Zhang G, Yuan J, Wang F.
    Adaptive induction of growth differentiation factor
    15 attenuates endothelial cell apoptosis in response
    to high glucose stimulus, PLoS ONE 2013;
    8(6):e65549.
    31. Egan B, Zierath JR. Exercise Metabolism and the
    Molecular Regulation of Skeletal Muscle
    Adaptation. Cell Metabolism 2013;17, 162–184.
    32. McCormack SE, McCarthy MA, Harrington SG,
    Farilla L, Hrovat MI, Systrom DM, Thomas BJ.
    "Effects of exercise and lifestyle modification on
    fitness,insulin resistance, skeletal muscle oxidative
    phosphorylation and intramyocellular lipid content
    in obese children and adolescents". Pediatric
    ObeHITy, 2014; 9(4): 281–291.
    33. Ghaffari M, Bani Talebi A, Heidari A. The effect of
    a period of intense intermittent and simultaneous
    endurance strength training on the levels of some
    insulin-related adipokines in women with diabetes
    mellitus, Journal of Health Research, 2017;2 (3):
    193-206. [In Persian]
    34. Davoodi Z, Ghanbarzadeh M, Shakrian S, Habibi
    A. The effect of different intensities of acute
    aerobic activity on plasma resistin concentration
    and insulin resistance in men with type 2 diabetes,
    Journal of Fasa University of Medical Sciences,
    2016;6 (1):79-86. [In Persian]
    35. Stefano B, Zanuso S, Cardelli P, Salvi L, Bazuro A,
    et al. Effect of High- versus Low-Intensity
    Supervised Aerobic and Resistance Training on
    Modifiable Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Type 2
    Diabetes, The Italian Diabetes and Exercise Stud
    (IDES), PLoS ONE, 2012;7(11): 492-497.
    36. Davidson L, Hudson R, Kilpatrick K, Kuk J,
    McMillan K, Janiszewski PM, Lee S, Lam M, Ross
    R. Effects of exercise modality on insulin resistance
    and functional limitation in older adults, Arch
    Intern Med, 2009;169(20): 122-131.
    37. Satoh T. Molecular mechanisms for the regulation
    of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by small
    guanosine triphosphatases in skeletal muscle and
    adipocytes. International Journal of Molecular
    Sciences, 15, 2014;18677–18692.
    38. Powers S, Howley E. Exercise physiology, Theory
    and application to fitness and performance,
    McGraw Hill, 2009;117-120.
    39. Izadi M, spokesman Y, Eghdami A, banaee far A.
    The role of aerobic exercise on pancreatic beta cell
    function index in obese adult men, Scientific
    Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences,
    2014; 21 (2): 210-203. [In Persian]
    40. Abbassi Daloii A, Mousavi E. Effect of 8-week
    Aerobic Exercise on Undercarboxylated
    Osteocalcin and Beta Cell Function in
    Postmenopausal Women, Medical Laboratory
    Journal, 2016; 10(6):32-37. [In Persian]
    41. Elmieh AS, Rostamizadeh M, Rahmaninia F. The
    effect of aerobic and resistance training on serum
    osteocalcin level, insulin resistance and pancreatic
    beta cell function in overweight men: a clinical trial,
    Scientific Journal of Rafsanjan University of
    Medical Sciences, 2019; 18 (1): 55-70. [In Persian]
    42. Christensen AA, Gannon M. The Beta Cell in Type
    2 Diabetes. Curr. Diabetes Rep 2019, 19, 81.
    43. Christensen CS, Lundh M, Dahllöf MS, Haase TN,
    Velasquez JM, Laye MJ, et al. Skeletal muscle to
    pancreatic cell cross-talk: the effect of humoral
    mediators liberated by muscle contraction and acute
    exercise on cell apoptosis. Journal Clin Endocrinol
    Metab. 2015; 100(10):1289-1298.
Medical Journal of Mashhad university of Medical Sciences
Volume 64, Issue 2
July and August 2021
Pages 2681-2691