اثربخشی واقعیت درمانی گروهی بر افکار خودآیند منفی و انعطاف‌پذیری روان‌شناختی مراجعین افسرده مراکز مشاوره

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد شهرکرد، شهرکرد، ایران

2 عضو هیئت علمی و استادیار گروه روان‌شناسی، واحد شهرکرد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شهرکرد، ایران.

3 دانشیار گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد شهرکرد، شهرکرد، ایران.

4 استادیار گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد شهرکرد، شهرکرد، ایران

چکیده

مقدمه: اختلال افسردگی از آن دست اختلالاتی است که پردازش‌های شناختی، روان‌شناختی و هیجانی مبتلایان را تحت تاثیر منفی خود قرار می‌دهد. بر همین اساس پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی اثربخشی واقعیت درمانی گروهی بر افکار خودآیند منفی و انعطاف‌پذیری روان‌شناختی مراجعین افسرده مراکز مشاوره انجام گرفت.
مواد و روش‌ها: پژوهش حاضر نیمه‌آزمایشی با طرح پیش‌آزمون- پس‌آزمون با گروه گواه و دوره پیگیری دوماهه بود. جامعه آماری پژوهش حاضر شامل مراجعان دارای اختلال افسردگی بودند که در فصول پاییز و زمستان سال 1398 به مراکز مشاوره شهر اهواز مراجعه کرده‌ بودند. در این پژوهش تعداد 40 فرد دارای افسردگی از بین جامعه آماری با روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند انتخاب و با گمارش تصادفی در گروه‌های آزمایش و گواه گمارده شدند (در هر گروه 20 فرد). گروه آزمایش مداخله واقعیت‌درمانی (گلاسر، 2013) را طی دو ماه و نیم در 10 جلسه 90 دقیقه‌ای دریافت نمودند. پرسشنامه‌های مورد استفاده در این پژوهش شامل پرسشنامه افسردگی (بک و همکاران، 1996)، پرسشنامه افکارخودآیند منفی (کندال و هولون، 1980) و پرسشنامه انعطاف‌پذیری روان‌شناختی (دنیس و وندروال، 2010) بود. داده‌های حاصل از پژوهش به شیوه تحلیل واریانس با اندازه‌گیری مکرر مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که واقعیت‌درمانی گروهی بر افکار خودآیند منفی و انعطاف‌پذیری روان‌شناختی مراجعین افسرده مراکز مشاوره تأثیر معنادار دارد (p <0/001). بدین صورت که این درمان توانسته بود منجر به بهبود کاهش افکار خودآیند منفی و بهبود انعطاف‌پذیری روان‌شناختی مراجعین افسرده مراکز مشاوره شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Effectiveness of Group Reality Therapy on the Negative Automatic Thoughts and Psychological Flexibility of Depressed Clients at Consultation Centers

نویسندگان [English]

  • Sara Nadaf 1
  • Tayebe Sharifi 2
  • Ahmad ghazanfari 3
  • Maryam Charami 4
1 PhD Student in Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord Branch, Shahrekord, Iran
2 Faculty member and assistant professor of psychology, Shahrekord branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran.
3 Department of Psychology-Human science Faculty- Islamic Azad University Branch Shahrekord-Sahrekord-Iran
4 Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord Branch, Shahrekord, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction and purpose: depression is among those disorders that negatively influence cognitive, psychological and emotional process of the patients. Therefore, the present study was conducted aiming to investigate the effectiveness of group reality therapy on the negative automatic thoughts and psychological flexibility of depressed clients at consultation centers.
Material and methods: the present study was quasi-experimental with pretest, posttest, control group design and two-month follow-up stage. The statistical population of the present study included clients with depression who referred to consultation centers in the autumn and winter of 2019-2020 in the city of Ahvaz. 40 people with depression were selected from the statistical population through purposive sampling method and they were randomly accommodated into experimental and control group (each group of 20). The experimental group received ten ninety-minute sessions of reality therapy (Glasser, 2013) during two and half months. The applied questionnaires in this study included depression questionnaire (Beck et.al, 1996), negative automatic thoughts questionnaire (Kendal and Holon, 1980) and psychological flexibility questionnaire (Denis and Wanderwal, 2010). The data from the study were analyzed through repeated measurement ANOVA.
Findings: the results showed that group reality therapy has significant effect on the negative automatic thoughts and psychological flexibility of the depressed clients at consultation centers (p < 0.001) in a way that this therapy succeeded in improving the decrease of negative automatic thoughts and improving psychological flexibility of depressed client at consultation centers.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • depression
  • negative automatic thoughts
  • psychological flexibility
  • group reality therapy
  1. Park S, Kim D. The Centrality of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms in Major Depressive Disorder Determined Using a Network Analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 2020; 271: 19-26.
  2. Richardson L, Adams S. Cognitive Deficits in Patients With Depression. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 2018; 14(6): 437-443.

3. Mamun MA, Hossain S, Siddique AB, Sikder T, Kuss DJ, Griffiths MD. Problematic internet use in Bangladeshi students: The role of socio-demographic factors, depression, anxiety, and stress. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 2019; 44: 48-54.

4. Fawzy M, Hamed SA. Prevalence of psychological stress, depression and anxiety among medical students in Egypt. Psychiatry Research, 2017; 255: 186-194.

5. Wenjuan G, Siqing P, Xinqiao L. Gender differences in depression, anxiety, and stress among college students: A longitudinal study from China. Journal of Affective Disorders, 2020; 263: 292-300.

6. Du X, Luo W, Shen Y, Wei D, Xie P, Zhang J, Zhang Q, Qiu J. Brain structure associated with automatic thoughts predicted depression symptoms in healthy individuals. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 2015; 232(3): 257-263.

  1. Frewen PA, Evans EM, Maraj N, Dozois DJ, Partridge K. Letting go: Mindfulness and negative automatic thinking. Cognitive therapy and research, 2008; 32(6): 758-774.
  2. Clarke D, Goosen T. The mediating effects of coping strategies in the relationship between automatic negative thoughts and depression in a clinical sample of diabetes patients. Personality and Individual Differences, 2009; 46(4): 460-464.

9. Arpin-Cribbie CA, Cribbie RA. Psychological correlates of fatigue: Examining depression, perfectionism, and automatic negative thoughts. Personality and Individual Differences, 2007; 43(6): 1310-1320.

  1. Safari Mousavi SS, Nadri M, Amiri M, Radfar F, Farokhcheh M. The predictive role of psychological flexibility and cognitive emotion regulation strategies on depression, anxiety and stress in type 2 diabetic patients. MEJDS. 2019; 9: 50-50. (In Persian).
  2. Kangasniemi A, Lappalainen R, Kankaanpää A, Tammelin T. Mindfulness skills, psychological flexibility, and psychological symptoms among physically less active and active adults. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 2014; 7(3):121-127.
  3. Hayes SC. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Relational Frame Theory, and the Third Wave of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies - Republished Article. Behavior Therapy, 2016; 47(6): 869-85.
  4. Esmkhani Akbarinejad H, Etemadi A, Nasirnejad F.The effectiveness of group reality therapy on women's anxiety, Quarterly Journal of Psychological Studies, 2014; 10(2): 73-88.(In Persian).
  5. Waldeck D, Tyndall I, Riva P, Chmiel N. How do we cope with ostracism? Psychological flexibility moderates the relationship between everyday ostracism experiences and psychological distress. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 2017; 6(4): 425-432.
  6. Denckla CA, Consedine NS, Chung WJ, Stein M, Roche M, Blais M. A double-edged sword? Sub-types of psychological flexibility are associated with distinct psychiatric disorders. Journal of Research in Personality, 2018; 77: 119-125.
  7. Sarram Z. The effectiveness of group reality therapy on depression, anxiety, stress and psychological burden of mothers with children with mental retardation in Isfahan, M.Sc. Thesis, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan Branch (Khorasgan). 2019. (In Persian).
  8. Monsefi S, Ahadi H, Hatami H. Investigate the effectiveness of supportive group reality therapy on the hope and responsiblity of divorced women of victim of domestic violence. Journal of Psychological Sciences, 2018; 17(69): 567-574. (In Persian).
  9. Shamli R, Hassani F.The effectiveness of reality therapy on resilience of mothers with children with cancer, Journal of Thought and Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 2017; 11(43): 77-86.(In Persian).
  10. Shishehfar S, Kazemi F, Physician SH.The Effectiveness of Reality Therapy on the Happiness and Responsibility of Mothers of Autistic Children, Journal of Exceptional Psychology, 2017; 7(27): 55-73.(In Persian).
  11. Tozandehjani H, Soltan zadeh Mazraji H. Efficacy of group reality therapy on depression in infertile women before. RBS. 2014; 1(2): 184-193. (In Persian).

21. Carl E, Stein AT, Levihn-Coon A, Pogue JR, Rothbaum B, Emmelkamp P, Asmundson GJG, Carlbring P, Powers M. Virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety and related disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 2019; 61: 27-36.

  1. Miloff A, Lindner P, Dafgård P, Deak S, Garke M, Hamilton W, Heinsoo J, Kristoffersson G, Rafi J, Sindemark K, Sjölund J, Zenger M, Reuterskiöld L, Andersson G, Carlbring P. Automated virtual reality exposure therapy for spider phobia vs. in-vivo one-session treatment: A randomized non-inferiority trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 2019; 118: 130-140.

23. Benbow AA, Anderson PL. A meta-analytic examination of attrition in virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 2019; 61: 18-26.

24. Loucks L, Yasinski C, Norrholm SD, Keller JM, Post L, Zwiebach L, Fiorillo D, Goodlin M, Jovanovic T, Rizzo AA, Rothbaum BO. You can do that?!: Feasibility of virtual reality exposure therapy in the treatment of PTSD due to military sexual trauma. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 2018; 61: 56-63.

  1. Glasser W. Counseling with choice theory: The new reality therapy. New York: Harper Collins. 2000.
  2. Farshchi N, Kiani Q, Chiti H. Effectiveness of Group Therapy Reality in Reducing Depression, Anxiety and Increased Compliance to Treatment in Patients with Diabetic Type 1. J Adv Med Biomed Res. 2018; 26(117): 74-85. (In Persian).
  3. Mason CP, Duba, JD. Using Reality Therapy in Schools :Its Potential Impact on the Effectiveness of the ASCA National Model. International Journal of Reality Therapy, 2009; 29(2): 5-12.
  4. Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, Steer RA. An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1988; 56: 893-897.
  5. Fathi A, Hatami Varzaneh A, Asli Azad M, Farhadi T.The effect of self-forgiveness group training based on Quranic concepts on depression in male high school students, New Educational Thoughts, 2015; 12(3): 110-130. (In Persian).
  6. Hollon SD, Kendall P. Development of an automatic thoughts Questionnaire. Cognitive Therapy Research, 1980; 4: 383-395.
  7. Moghtader L. the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in reducing rumination, dysfunctional attitude and negative automatic thoughts in patients with generalized anxiety disorders. Stud Med Sci. 2016; 27(9): 825-835. (In Persian).
  8. Dennis JP, Vander Wal JS. The cognitive flexibility inventory: Instrument development and estimates of reliability and validity, Cognitive Therapy Research, 2010; 34: 241-253.
  9. Masuda A, Tully EC. The Role of Mindfulness and Psychological Flexibility in Somatization, Depression, Anxiety, and General Psychological Distress in a Nonclinical College Sample. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine, 2012; 17(1): 66-71.
  10. Fazeli M, Ehteshamzadeh P, Hashemi Sheikhoshbani SA. The effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy on cognitive flexibility in depressed people, Journal of Thought and Behavior, 2014; 9(34): 27-36.(In Persian).
  11. Glasser W. Counseling with choice theory: The new Reality Therapy. New York: Harper Collins Publisher. 2013.
  12. Wubbolding R. Counselling with reality therapy. Routledge. 2017