Comparison of the effectiveness of mindfulness training and emotion regulation along with diet on psychological flexibility and self-regulatory behavior of overweight adolescents

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 PhD student General Psychology, Department of Psychology, Ardabil Branch , Islamic Azad University, Ardabil ,Iran.

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology , Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil , Iran.

3 Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology , Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University ,Ardabil , Iran.

4 Professor,Department of Psychology ,Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran.

Abstract

Abstract
Introduction: Due to the various medical and psychosocial consequences of overweight in adolescents, education and prevention are very important; Therefore, the present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of mindfulness training and emotion regulation along with diet on psychological flexibility and self-regulatory behavior of overweight adolescents.
Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental with multi-group pretest-posttest design. The statistical population of the study included all female overweight adolescents in the first high school of Tonekabon in the academic year of 1998-99. Multi-stage cluster sampling method using random method was divided into three groups of mindfulness training (n = 15), emotion regulation training (n = 15), and control group (n = 15). The research instruments included the self-regulatory questionnaire of Brown et al. (1991), the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire et al. (2011). Mindfulness training protocol) and emotion regulation training (8 sessions, once a week) were performed for 90 minutes. Multivariate analysis of covariance and Tukey post hoc test were used to analyze the data.
Results: The results showed that mindfulness training and emotion regulation along with diet are effective on psychological flexibility and self-regulatory behavior of overweight adolescents (p <0.01). The mean of flexibility, self-regulatory behavior and weight loss in the emotion regulation training group at the end of the post-test was higher than the mindfulness training group and the control group (p <0.01).
Conclusion: It seems that emotion regulation training had a greater effect on improving flexibility, self-regulatory behavior and weight loss compared to mindfulness training of overweight adolescents.

Keywords

References

  1. Seyedamini B, Malek A, Mamaghani ME. Level of activity, social and school competency in obese and
    overweight girls of elementary schools in Tabriz city. Iran Journal of Nursing. 2011;24(69):36-42.
    2. Andersen LL, Izquierdo M, Sundstrup E. Overweight and obesity are progressively associated with lower work
    ability in the general working population: cross-sectional study among 10,000 adults. International archives of
    occupational and environmental health. 2017;90(8):779-87.
    3. Farida Habib P, Haya ALFozan M, ABOG S, Najla Barnawi M, Wojdan Al Motairi B. Relationship between
    Body Mass Index, Self-esteem and Quality of Life among Adolescent Saudi Female.
    4. Nemiary D, Shim R, Mattox G, Holden K. The relationship between obesity and depression among adolescents.
    Psychiatric annals. 2012;42(8):305-8.
    5. Agha M, Agha R. The rising prevalence of obesity: part A: impact on public health. International journal of
    surgery Oncology. 2017;2(7):e17.
    6. Hawkins MA, Stewart JC. Do negative emotional factors have independent associations with excess adiposity?
    Journal of psychosomatic research. 2012;73(4):243-50.
    7. Amianto F, Siccardi S, Abbate-Daga G, Marech L, Barosio M, Fassino S. Does anger mediate between
    personality and eating symptoms in bulimia nervosa? Psychiatry research. 2012;200(2-3):502-12.
    8. Cserjési R, Molnár D, Luminet O, Lénárd L. Is there any relationship between obesity and mental flexibility in
    children? Appetite. 2007;49(3):675-8.
    9. Weinberger N-A, Kersting A, Riedel-Heller SG, Luck-Sikorski C. Body dissatisfaction in individuals with
    obesity compared to normal-weight individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity facts. 2016;9(6):424-41.
    10. Lillis J, Wing R. The role of avoidance‐based coping in the psychosocial functioning of weight loss treatment‐
    seeking adults. Obesity science & practice. 2015;1(1):59-64.
    11. Vaughan-Johnston TI, Quickert RE, MacDonald TK. Psychological flexibility under fire: Testing the
    incremental validity of experiential avoidance. Personality and Individual Differences. 2017;105:335-49.
    12. Kashdan TB, Rottenberg J. Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health. Clinical psychology
    review. 2010;30(7):865-78.
    13. Ciarrochi J, Sahdra B, Marshall S, Parker P, Horwath C. Psychological flexibility is not a single dimension: The
    distinctive flexibility profiles of underweight, overweight, and obese people. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science.
    2014;3(4):236-47.
    14. Sairanen E, Tolvanen A, Karhunen L, Kolehmainen M, Järvelä E, Rantala S, et al. Psychological flexibility and
    mindfulness explain intuitive eating in overweight adults. Behavior modification. 2015;39(4):557-79.
    15. Nevanperä N, Lappalainen R, Kuosma E, Hopsu L, Uitti J, Laitinen J. Psychological flexibility, occupational
    burnout and eating behavior among working women. Open Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2013;3(4).
    16. Juarascio A, Forman E, Timko CA, Butryn M, Goodwin C. The development and validation of the food craving
    acceptance and action questionnaire (FAAQ). Eating behaviors. 2011;12(3):182-7.
    17. Miller AL, Gearhardt AN, Fredericks EM, Katz B, Shapiro LF, Holden K, et al. Targeting self-regulation to
    promote health behaviors in children. Behaviour research and therapy. 2018;101:71-81.
    18. Brown JM. Self-regulation and the addictive behaviors. 1998.
    19. Dennis T. Emotional self-regulation in preschoolers: the interplay of child approach reactivity, parenting, and
    control capacities. Developmental psychology. 2006;42(1):84.
    20. Newby P, Tucker KL. Empirically derived eating patterns using factor or cluster analysis: a review. Nutrition
    reviews. 2004;62(5):177-203.
    21. Hosseini M, Khodashenas A, Kashaninia Z. The effect of exercise and diet regimen on body mass index of obese
    teen girls in schools of Karaj city, Iran. Iranian Journal of Nursing Research. 2014;9(1):1-7.
    22. Kenyon DB, Fulkerson JA, Kaur H. Food hiding and weight control behaviors among ethnically diverse,
    overweight adolescents. Associations with parental food restriction, food monitoring, and dissatisfaction with adolescent
    body shape. Appetite. 2009;52(2):266-72.
    23. Azadbakht, Mirmiran, Shiva, Azizi. General obesity and central adiposity in a representative sample of
    Tehranian adults: prevalence and determinants. International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. 2005;75(4):297-
    304.
    24. Thompson O, Ballew C, Resnicow K, Gillespie C, Must A, Bandini L, et al. Dietary pattern as a predictor of
    change in BMI z-score among girls. International journal of obesity. 2006;30(1):176-82.
    25. Larson N, Story M, Eisenberg ME, Neumark-Sztainer D. Secular trends in meal and snack patterns among
    adolescents from 1999 to 2010. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2016;116(2):240-50. e2.
  2. 26. Bahia L, Schaan CW, Sparrenberger K, de Azevedo Abreu G, Barufaldi LA, Coutinho W, et al. Overview of
    meta‐analysis on prevention and treatment of childhood obesity. Jornal de Pediatria (Versão em Português).
    2019;95(4):385-400.
    27. Michalak J, Burg J, Heidenreich T. Don't forget your body: Mindfulness, embodiment, and the treatment of
    depression. Mindfulness. 2012;3(3):190-9.
    28. Baer RA, Smith GT, Hopkins J, Krietemeyer J, Toney L. Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets
    of mindfulness. Assessment. 2006;13(1):27-45.
    29. Kamran A, Havazadeh M, Moghtadaei K, Abrahiemi A. The Effectiveness of Mindfulness Group Training on
    the Psychopathological Symptoms in Fat Women. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology. 2018;19(3):101-12.
    30. Corsica J, Hood MM, Katterman S, Kleinman B, Ivan I. Development of a novel mindfulness and cognitive
    behavioral intervention for stress-eating: a comparative pilot study. Eating behaviors. 2014;15(4):694-9.
    31. Kristeller JL, Baer RA, Quillian-Wolever R. Mindfulness-based approaches to eating disorders. Mindfulnessbased treatment approaches: Clinician's guide to evidence base and applications. 2006;75.
    32. O'Reilly GA, Cook L, Spruijt‐Metz D, Black DS. Mindfulness‐based interventions for obesity‐related eating
    behaviours: a literature review. Obesity reviews. 2014;15(6):453-61.
    33. Schmeichel BJ, Volokhov RN, Demaree HA. Working memory capacity and the self-regulation of emotional
    expression and experience. Journal of personality and social psychology. 2008;95(6):1526.
    34. Zelazo PD, Lyons KE. The potential benefits of mindfulness training in early childhood: A developmental social
    cognitive neuroscience perspective. Child Development Perspectives. 2012;6(2):154-60.
    35. Micanti F, Iasevoli F, Cucciniello C, Costabile R, Loiarro G, Pecoraro G, et al. The relationship between
    emotional regulation and eating behaviour: a multidimensional analysis of obesity psychopathology. Eating and Weight
    Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity. 2017;22(1):105-15.
    36. Shriver LH, Dollar JM, Lawless M, Calkins SD, Keane SP, Shanahan L, et al. Longitudinal associations between
    emotion regulation and adiposity in late adolescence: indirect effects through eating behaviors. Nutrients. 2019;11(3):517.
    37. Gross JJ. Handbook of emotion regulation: Guilford publications; 2013.
    38. Juarascio AS, Parker MN, Manasse SM, Barney JL, Wyckoff EP, Dochat C. An exploratory component analysis
    of emotion regulation strategies for improving emotion regulation and emotional eating. Appetite. 2020;150:104634.
    39. Ranjbar Noushari F, Basharpoor S, Hajloo N, Narimani M. The effect of emotion regulation skills’ training on
    self-control, eating styles and Body Mass Index in overweight students. Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health
    Promotion. 2018;6(2):125-33.
    40. Kabat-Zinn J. Commentary on Majumdar et al.: Mindfulness meditation for health. The Journal of Alternative
    & Complementary Medicine. 2002;8(6):731-5.
    41. Vandewalle J, Moens E, Braet C. Comprehending emotional eating in obese youngsters: the role of parental
    rejection and emotion regulation. International Journal of Obesity. 2014;38(4):525-30.
    42. Tugade MM, Fredrickson BL. Regulation of positive emotions: Emotion regulation strategies that promote
    resilience. Journal of happiness studies. 2007;8(3):311-33.
    43. Koechlin H, Coakley R, Schechter N, Werner C, Kossowsky J. The role of emotion regulation in chronic pain:
    A systematic literature review. Journal of psychosomatic research. 2018;107:38-45.
    44. Essau CA, LeBlanc SS, Ollendick TH. Emotion regulation and psychopathology in children and adolescents:
    Oxford University Press; 2017.
    45. Gao Y, Shi L. Mindfulness, physical activity and avoidance of secondhand smoke: A study of college students
    in Shanghai. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2015;12(8):10106-16.
    46. Hazlett-Stevens H, Singer J, Chong A. Mindfulness-based stress reduction and mindfulness-based cognitive
    therapy with older adults: a qualitative review of randomized controlled outcome research. Clinical Gerontologist.
    2019;42(4):347-58.
    47. Ziabari SSM, Treur J, editors. An adaptive cognitive temporal-causal network model of a mindfulness therapy
    based on music. International Conference on Intelligent Human Computer Interaction; 2018: Springer.
    48. Takahashi T, Sugiyama F, Kikai T, Kawashima I, Guan S, Oguchi M, et al. Changes in depression and anxiety
    through mindfulness group therapy in Japan: the role of mindfulness and self-compassion as possible mediators.
    BioPsychoSocial medicine. 2019;13(1):1-10.
Medical Journal of Mashhad university of Medical Sciences
Volume 63, Issue 4 - Serial Number 4
November and December 2020
Pages 2563-2574

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics